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Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System
 
Chapter Quiz
 

Chapter Quiz


1 .       Which is not an accurate statement regarding the difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones? (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 Steroid hormones are made from lipids; nonsteroid hormones are made from amino acids.
 Steroid hormones can pass through cell membranes; most nonsteroid hormones cannot.
 Steroid hormones attach to receptors in the cytoplasm; nonsteroid hormones attach to membrane-bound receptors.
 Steroid hormones activate genes; nonsteroid hormones do not directly activate genes.
 Steroid hormones are produced by endocrine glands; nonsteroid hormones are produced by nervous tissue.
2 .       Neurosecretory cells can be found in the _____. (Concept 45.1E-Book) [Hint]

 hypothalamus
 anterior pituitary
 hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
 anterior and posterior pituitary
 adrenal glands
3 .       Which example below is a true statement about the differences between hormones and neurotransmitters? (Concept 45.1E-Book) [Hint]

 Neurotransmitters produce slower responses than hormones.
 Neurotransmitters are released from ductless glands into the blood.
 Some endocrine glands release neurotransmitters, but no nervous tissue releases hormones.
 Neurotransmitters convey messages between nerve cells.
 All of the above are true.


4 .       Since most chemical signals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate results from _____. (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 ligand binding
 the activation of a signal transduction pathway
 direct stimulation of the cell's DNA
 the enzymatic behavior of the signal molecule
 binding to intracellular receptors
5 .       What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action? (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 It signals a cell to secrete a hormone.
 It informs a gland as to whether its hormones are having an effect.
 It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell.
 It stops hormone action when it is no longer needed.
 All of the above are true.
6 .       What did experiments with melanocyte-stimulating hormone, a water-soluble hormone, in the skin cells of frogs reveal about hormone action? (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 They revealed the role of cell-surface receptors in signal transduction pathways.
 They identified intracellular proteins that function as receptors.
 Hormones can only cause a reaction within target cells.
 Certain hormones can cause a change in gene expression.
 Hormone receptors are trapped in the cytoplasm in the absence of hormone.


7 .       Which one of the following hormones or types of hormones is thought to act at the cellular level by inducing a change in gene expression? (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 protein hormones
 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 sex hormones
 catecholamines
 antidiuretic hormone
8 .       Which example below is a role of nitric oxide (NO), a local regulator? (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 When oxygen levels fall, nitric oxide activates an enzyme that relaxes smooth muscle. This dilates blood vessels and improves blood flow.
 When secreted by certain white blood cells, NO kills some bacteria and cancer cells.
 NO increases the blood flow into the penis, producing an erection.
 In the nervous system, NO serves as a neurotransmitter.
 All of the above are correct.
9 .       Ibuprofen is known for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties because it inhibits the synthesis of _____. (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 glucocorticoids
 nitric oxide
 progestins
 prostaglandins
 cytokines
10 .       Which one of the following endocrine organs does not actually manufacture hormones but, rather, stores hormones produced elsewhere? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 thyroid
 adrenal cortex
 adrenal medulla
 anterior pituitary
 posterior pituitary
11 .       As a young girl, Maria suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. An injury to the pituitary is particularly serious because of all the functions controlled by this gland. As Maria got older, she and her doctors found that all of the following except her _____ were affected. (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 metabolic rate
 growth
 menstrual cycle
 water regulation
 blood sugar level
12 .       A doctor might give an expectant mother _____ to stimulate uterine contractions and induce labor. (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 thyroxine
 oxytocin
 insulin
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
13 .       The regulation of water volume in the blood involves which hormone? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 oxytocin
 insulin
 FSH
 ADH
 glucagon
14 .       How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH.
 The hypothalamus sends a hormone to the target cells that makes them receptive to GH.
 Feedback from the target cells is sent to the posterior pituitary, which signals the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary.
 The hypothalamus stimulates an action potential in the posterior pituitary, which then sends a releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary.
 None of the above statements is true.
15 .       Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 insulin
 oxytocin
 ACTH
 thyroxine
 PTH
16 .       FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are trophic hormones that are also known as _____. (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 gonadotropins
 prostaglandins
 neurohormones
 cytokines
 androgens
17 .       Which of the following hormones specifically act(s) to trigger secretion of hormones by another endocrine gland? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
 progesterone
 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 melatonin
18 .       Which is a correct statement about prolactin? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 It is produced by the posterior pituitary in all vertebrates.
 It regulates the balance between salt and water in saltwater fish such as the barracuda.
 It regulates larval development in beetles and grasshoppers.
 It controls fat metabolism and reproduction in birds.
 It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk in birds.
19 .       The mammary glands of a pregnant female will begin to produce milk in response to changes in the level of which of the following hormones? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 prolactin
 progesterone
 estrogen
 relaxin
 oxytocin
20 .       The major tropic action of growth hormone is to signal the _____ to release _____. (Concept 45.2E-Book) [Hint]

 thyroid .... T3 and T4
 pancreas .... glucagon
 liver .... insulin-like growth factors
 hypothalamus .... thyroid-releasing hormone
 adrenal medulla .... epinephrine
21 .       How is the level of thyroxine in the blood regulated? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 Thyroxine stimulates the pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
 TSH inhibits the secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland.
 TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) inhibits the secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.
 Thyroxine stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.
 High levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the secretion of TRH and TSH.
22 .       Which disorder is correctly matched with its cause? (Concept 45.3E-Book) [Hint]

 pituitary dwarfism ... hyposecretion of growth hormone
 infant cretinism ... hypersecretion of thyroxine
 low blood calcium ... hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 diabetes mellitus ... hypersecretion of insulin
 acromegaly ... hyposecretion of growth hormone
23 .       Which is a correct statement about the thyroid gland? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 It produces the lipid class of hormones.
 Fluorine is essential to proper thyroid function.
 Thyroid hormones trigger the change of an aquatic tadpole into a terrestrial bullfrog.
 Goiter is caused by hyperthyroidism.
 Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, two of the thyroid hormones, are steroid hormones.
24 .       Hyperthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when _____. (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 the pituitary secretes high concentrations of thyroxine
 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high
 thyroxine concentration is low
 the production of TSH-releasing factor is inhibited
 a person has an iodine deficiency
25 .       If a diet is deficient in iodine, a goiter may form because _____. (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 the thyroid cannot release T3 and T4 so the hormones build up in the gland
 low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop. An overload of TRH causes enlargement of the gland.
 low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop. An overload of TSH causes enlargement of the gland.
 researchers are not sure why goiters form during iodine deficiency
 none of the above
26 .       How does parathyroid hormone affect levels of Ca2+ in the blood? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 When Ca2+ levels fall, PTH decomposes the matrix of bone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in the small intestines.
 When Ca2+ levels rise, PTH stimulates the uptake of calcium in bones and the release of calcium in urine.
 When Ca2+ levels fall, PTH stimulates bone cells to decompose the matrix of bone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in the renal tubules.
 When Ca2+ levels rise, PTH stimulates the conversion of vitamin D to its active hormonal form in the kidneys and facilitates accumulation of calcium in bones.
 When Ca2+ levels fall, PTH stimulates the conversion of vitamin D in the liver and stimulates bone cells to decompose the matrix of bone.


27 .       Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in the hormone _____. (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 thyroxine
 epinephrine
 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 glucagon
 insulin
28 .       Which of the following hormones have antagonistic effects? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 thyroxine and calcitonin
 insulin and glucagon
 growth hormone and epinephrine
 ACTH and glucocorticoids
 epinephrine and norepinephrine
29 .       Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of glucose synthesis? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells
 low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells
 high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, uptake of glucose by target cells
 high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, glycogen synthesis in liver
 none of the above
30 .       Type 1 diabetes mellitus _____. (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas
 is a common disorder in overweight individuals older than 40
 is treated by improving insulin receptor efficiency rather than by giving insulin
 is the most common form of the disease; more than 90% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes
 can be controlled for many years with exercise and a proper diet
31 .       Which of the following hormones has the broadest range of targets? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 ADH
 oxytocin
 TSH
 epinephrine
 ACTH
32 .       Which statement below about the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is incorrect? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 They are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.
 They shunt blood away from the skin, digestive organs, and kidneys while increasing the supply to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.
 They increase the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscles.
 They increase the rate of oxygen delivery to body cells.
 They are released in response to ACTH.


33 .       Which is a true statement about the adrenal medulla? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 The hormone it produces causes the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water.
 It produces steroid hormones.
 It cannot function in hormone production without releasing hormone (RH) from the hypothalamus.
 The gland is stimulated by nerve signals carried from the brain.
 It secretes hormones that suppress inflammation and control pain.
34 .       Which of the following endocrine glands releases steroid hormones? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 anterior pituitary
 posterior pituitary
 adrenal medulla
 adrenal cortex
 pineal gland
35 .       Which one of the following is a problem with the long-term use of glucocorticoids, such as cortisone, to treat inflammation? (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 long-term elevated blood pressure
 suppression of the immune system
 low blood glucose levels
 abnormal blood clotting, which leads to excessive bruising
 sleeplessness
36 .       Anabolic steroids, sometimes taken illegally by athletes and bodybuilders, are synthetic substitutes for natural _____ produced in the _____. (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 testosterone ... anterior pituitary
 FSH and LH ... posterior pituitary
 progestin .... testes
 androgens ... gonads
 estrogens ... anterior pituitary
37 .       In the winter, the _____ of vertebrates is apt to produce _____ than in summer months. (Concept 45.4E-Book) [Hint]

 hypothalamus ... less prolactin
 pineal gland ... more melatonin
 hypothalamus ... less melatonin
 pineal gland ... less growth hormone
 adrenal cortex ... more ADH
38 .       Which one of the following conditions in a silkworm moth would result in metamorphosis from pupa to adult? (Concept 45.5E-Book) [Hint]

 lack of a prothoracic gland
 stimulation of the corpora allata
 high concentration of juvenile hormone
 low concentration of juvenile hormone
 high concentration of brain hormone
39 .       In insects, ecdysone is released from _____. (Concept 45.5E-Book) [Hint]

 neurosecretory cells in the brain
 prothoracic glands
 corpora allata
 the insect's cocoon
 the outer layer of the insect as it molts





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