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Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
 
Chapter Quiz
 

Chapter Quiz


1 .       What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers? (Concept 5.1E-Book) [Hint]

 hydrolysis
 monomerization
 protein formation
 coiling
 dehydration or condensation reactions
2 .       In a hydrolysis reaction, _____, and in this process water is _____. (Concept 5.1E-Book) [Hint]

 a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed
 a monomer is broken up into its constituent polymers ... produced
 monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... consumed
 monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... produced
 a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... produced
3 .       The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) _____ bond. (Concept 5.1E-Book) [Hint]

 hydrogen
 covalent
 ionic
 peptide
 van der Waals
4 .       Which of the following is a polymer? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 testosterone, a steroid hormone
 cellulose, a plant cell wall component
 glucose, an energy-rich molecule
 triacylglycerol, or fat
 fructose, a component of sucrose
5 .       Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 polypeptide ... monomers
 carbohydrate ... fatty acids
 polymer ... glucose molecules
 protein ... amino acids
 lipid ... triacylglycerols
6 .       Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 They have to eat a lot of it.
 Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
 Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes.
 The flat teeth and strong stomach of herbivores break the cellulose fibers so that the cows get enough nutrition from the cell contents.
 All of the above.
7 .       In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 glycogen
 cellulose
 starch
 protein
 fatty acids
8 .       Which one of the following carbohydrate molecules has the lowest molecular weight? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 sucrose
 lactose
 glucose
 cellulose
 chitin
9 .       Which one of the following molecules is a monosaccharide? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 C51H98O6
 C45H84O8PN
 C6H12O6
 C25H43O8
 C22H49O10N5
10 .       At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 collagen
 cellulose
 linoleic acid
 chitin
 glycogen
11 .       Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 membrane construction
 structural molecules, such as hair and fingernails
 building genetic material
 energy storage and release
 lipid storage
12 .       The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 chitin
 starch
 glucose
 lactose
 ribose
13 .       One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 they are all polysaccharides
 they are all monosaccharides
 they are all disaccharides
 they all contain fructose
 they are all indigestible by humans
14 .       A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 glucose
 glycogen
 starch
 chitin
 cellulose
15 .       Which one of the following is not a function of carbohydrates (as a class)? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 structural support
 energy storage
 energy source
 enzymatic catalysis
 All are carbohydrate functions.
16 .       Disaccharides can differ from each other in all the following ways except _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 in the number of monosaccharides they contain
 in the type of carbonyl functional groups associated with the monosaccharide monomers
 in the type of monomer involved
 in the location of the glycosidic linkage
 in the fatty acids they contain
17 .       Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can't the same enzyme break down cellulose? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 The enzyme cannot attack cellulose because of its helical shape.
 Cellulose molecules are much too large.
 Starch is made of glucose; cellulose is made of fructose.
 The bonds between the monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are much stronger.
 The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than in starch.
18 .       The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by _____. (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 ionic bonds
 glycosidic linkages
 peptide bonds
 phosphodiester linkages
 ester linkages
19 .       Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least? (Concept 5.2E-Book) [Hint]

 sugar (in the dressing)
 oil (in the dressing)
 starch (in the croutons)
 cellulose (in the lettuce)
 protein (in the bacon bits)
20 .       Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they _____. (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 are much larger
 are not truly polymers
 do not have specific shapes
 do not contain carbon
 do not contain nitrogen and phosphorus atoms
21 .       Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water? (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 phospholipids
 hydrophobic
 hydrophilic
 proteins
 hydrogen-bonded
22 .       Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them? (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 Saturated triacylglycerols are fats; unsaturated triacylglycerols are carbohydrates.
 Saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols.
 Saturated triacylglycerols have more double bonds than unsaturated triacylglycerols.
 Saturated triacylglycerols are liquid at room temperature.
 All of the above.
23 .       The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____. (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 triacylglycerols
 proteins
 cholesterol
 carbohydrates
 phospholipids
24 .       If a small droplet of triacylglycerol molecules is suspended in water, the fat molecules form a "ball of spaghetti" with no particular orientation. But if a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have _____. (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 a charged end and a noncharged end
 three fatty acid molecules, all pointing in different directions
 two fatty acid molecules pointing in different directions
 both a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid
 two charged ends
25 .       Which one of the following is a true statement comparing phospholipids and triacylglycerols (fats and oils)? (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 Both molecules contain a phosphate group.
 Triacylglycerols may be saturated or unsaturated, but all phospholipids are saturated.
 Phospholipids are the primary storage form for fats in our bodies.
 Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar.
 In nature, phospholipids occur in fused rings (sterol form), whereas triacylglycerols maintain a straight-chain form.
26 .       The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules? (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 proteins
 amino acids
 lipids
 carbohydrates
 nucleic acids
27 .       Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by _____. (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 adding hydrogen atoms to the double bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
 removing hydrogen atoms and forming additional double bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
 removing hydrogen atoms and forming additional single bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
 adding hydrogen atoms to the single bonds of the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
 none of the above
28 .       Which one of the following is the major energy storage compound of plant seeds? (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 amylose
 glycogen
 cellulose
 lipids
 oils
29 .       Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by _____. (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 glycosidic linkages
 ionic bonds
 peptide bonds
 phosphodiester linkages
 ester linkages
30 .       The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are _____ because they _____. (Concept 5.3E-Book) [Hint]

 hydrophobic ... dissolve easily in water
 hydrophobic ... have no charges to which water molecules can adhere
 hydrophilic ... consist of units assembled by dehydration reactions
 hydrophilic ... are easily hydrolyzed into their monomers
 hydrophobic ... consist of units assembled by dehydration reactions
31 .       The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide is called the _____. (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 double helix
 primary structure
 secondary structure
 tertiary structure
 quaternary structure
32 .       Which of the following would probably not be affected when a protein is denatured? (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 primary structure
 secondary structure
 hydrogen bonds
 tertiary structure
 All of the above must be affected for the protein to be denatured.
33 .       Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size? (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 water, sucrose, glucose, protein
 protein, water, glucose, sucrose
 water, protein, sucrose, glucose
 protein, sucrose, glucose, water
 glucose, water, sucrose, protein
34 .       To what does the term "polypeptide" refer? (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 organic molecules linked by dehydration reactions
 organic monomers covalently bonded
 amino acids linked by hydrolysis
 carbohydrates with a hydrogen bond holding them together
 none of the above
35 .       Enzyme molecules require a specific shape to perform their catalytic function. Which of the following might alter the shape of an enzymatic protein? (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 denaturing the protein
 a change in salt concentrations or pH
 heating the protein
 mixing in a chemical that removes hydrogen bonds
 all of the above
36 .       The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure? (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 primary structure
 secondary structure
 tertiary structure
 quaternary structure
 pentiary structure
37 .       The peptide bond is _____. (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 a hydrogen bond
 an ionic bond
 a covalent bond
 a van der Waals interaction
 none of the above
38 .       Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of _____. (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 DNA molecules
 fatty acid molecules
 sucrose molecules
 amino acid molecules
 purines and pyrimidines
39 .       The "primary structure" of a protein refers to _____. (Concept 5.4E-Book) [Hint]

 the α helix or β pleated sheets
 interactions among the side chains or R groups of the amino acids
 coiling due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids
 the weak aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains into one functional macromolecule
 the sequence of amino acids
40 .       Which of the following do proteins and nucleic acids have in common? (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 They are both made of amino acids.
 Their structures contain sugars.
 They are hydrophobic.
 They are large polymers.
 They each consist of four basic kinds of subunits (monomers).
41 .       A glucose molecule is to starch as _____. (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 a steroid is to a lipid
 a protein is to an amino acid
 a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide
 a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
 an amino acid is to a nucleic acid
42 .       A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____. (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 DNA
 proteins
 cellulose
 fatty acids
 sucrose
43 .       On the basis of the principle of complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of _____ to be equal to the percentage of _____. (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 adenine ... thymine
 adenine ... guanine
 thymine ... guanine
 adenine ... cytosine
 thymine ... cytosine
44 .       Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA? (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 adenine and guanine
 thymine and cytosine
 thymine and adenine
 uracil and guanine
 guanine and cytosine
45 .       Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA? (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 RNA molecules consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix.
 One of their nitrogenous bases is different.
 They contain different sugars.
 The first and second choices are correct differences.
 The first three choices all describe differences.
46 .       A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components? (Concept 5.5E-Book) [Hint]

 a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a pentose sugar
 a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a phosphate group
 a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
 a nitrogenous base, a fatty acid, and an amino acid
 a series of nitrogenous bases, a nucleic acid backbone, and a hexose sugar





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