living nonvirulent ... living virulent
	living nonvirulent ... heat-killed virulent
	living virulent ... heat-killed nonvirulent
	heat-killed virulent ... living nonvirulent
	heat-killed nonvirulent ... living virulent

	was the substance that transformed the bacteria in Griffith's experiment
	consists of sugars, phosphate groups, and bases
	has two strands held together with hydrogen bonds
	uses three bases to code for one amino acid
	contains adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

	the protein of T2 and the DNA of T4
	the protein of T4 and the DNA of T2
	a mixture of the DNA and proteins of both phages
	the protein and DNA of T2
	the protein and DNA of T4

	the genetic material of the phage is DNA
	bacteriophages can infect bacteria
	DNA is made of nucleotides
	the genetic material of the phage is protein
	genes are on chromosomes

	amino acids
	fatty acids
	nucleotides
	monosaccharides
	disaccharides

	It is helical.
	It contains phosphodiester linkages.
	The two strands are complementary.
	Adenine and uracil are present in equal amounts.
	The strands run antiparallel.

	the ratio of A to C is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to T is close to 1:1
	the ratio of A to T is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to C is close to 1:1
	the ratio of A to G is close to 1:1 and the ratio of T to C is close to 1:1
	A + T = G + C
	A + T = 50% of the total bases

	radioactive labeling
	X-ray crystallography
	electrophoresis
	cloned DNA
	transgenic animals

	cytosine and guanine ... adenine and thymine
	cytosine and thymine ... adenine and guanine
	adenine and guanine ... cytosine and thymine
	adenine and thymine ... cytosine and guanine
	adenine and cytosine ... guanine and thymine

	Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with guanine; thymine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
	Adenine forms three hydrogen bonds with thymine; guanine forms two hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
	Adenine forms two covalent bonds with thymine; guanine forms three covalent bonds with cytosine.
	Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine; guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
	Adenine forms three covalent bonds with thymine; guanine forms two covalent bonds with cytosine.

	5' deoxyribose and phosphate bonds
	hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases
	covalent bonds between nitrogen atoms in adenine and in thymine
	covalent bonds between carbon atoms in deoxyribose molecules
	ionic bonds between guanine and cytosine

	the variation in the structure of nucleotides that make up the DNA molecule
	the types of sugars used in making the DNA molecule
	the sequence of amino acids that make up the DNA molecule
	the sequence of nucleotides along the length of the two strands of the DNA molecule
	all of the above

	Jacob and Monod
	Watson and Crick
	Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
	Griffith
	Hershey and Chase

	both strands of a molecule act as templates
	the reaction is catalyzed by RNA polymerase
	errors never occur
	only one strand of the molecule acts as a template
	the cell undergoes mitosis

	is the genetic material
	replicates in a semiconservative fashion
	contains complementary base pairing
	codes for the sequence of amino acids in proteins
	is composed of nucleotides

	both have a sugar-phosphate backbone
	histones are present in the nucleosomes
	the DNA is packaged into several linear chromosomes
	most of the DNA is in the form of plasmids
	both have a single circular chromosome

	Bacterial chromosomes have a single origin, but eukaryotic chromosomes have many origins.
	In bacteria, the DNA sequence at the origin is recognized by specific proteins that then bind to the origin.
	The two strands of DNA at the origin are separated, allowing the formation of a replication bubble.
	In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, replication proceeds in both directions from each origin.
	None of the above.

	an origin of replication
	a gene
	a telomere
	a replication fork
	a ribosome

	attach free nucleotides to the new strand
	synthesize an RNA primer to initiate DNA strand synthesis
	link together short strands of DNA
	separate the two strands of DNA
	all of the above

	much slower than
	at about the same speed as
	much faster than
	sometimes faster and sometimes slower than
	The rates are not comparable, since elongation only occurs in prokaryotes.

	the two strands are mirror images
	only one of the two strands can be used as a template for replication, because DNA polymerase only works in one direction
	one strand is actually composed of RNA
	one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction, and the other runs in the 3' to 5' direction
	they both run in the 3' to 5' direction

	TATCCA
	TGGATA
	TGGAUA
	UAUCCA
	ATAGGT

	5' end ... 3' end
	3' end ... 5' end
	5' end ... 5' end
	3' end ... 3' end
	sugar group ... phosphate group

	DNA polymerase
	DNA ligase
	topoisomerase
	helicase
	primase

	primase, helicases, DNA polymerase, ligase
	helicases, primase, ligase, DNA polymerase
	helicases, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase
	helicases, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase
	ligase, primase, DNA polymerase, helicases

	ribosomes
	transfer RNA
	RNA primer
	RNA polymerase
	all of the above

	nuclease
	primase
	DNA polymerase I
	DNA polymerase III
	ligase

	relievase
	primase
	ligase
	topoisomerase
	ribosomes

	The helicase modifies the DNA in such a way as to eliminate the affinity between the two strands.
	DNA polymerase follows the helicase so closely that there is no chance for the strands to come back together.
	Single-strand binding proteins bind the unwound DNA and prevent the double helix from reforming.
	The helicase pushes the two strands so far apart that they have no chance of finding each other.
	One of the strands is rapidly degraded, preventing the double helix from reforming.

	Helicases separate the two strands of the double helix, and DNA polymerases then construct two new strands using each of the original strands as templates.
	Ligase assembles single-stranded codons, then polymerase knits these codons together into a DNA strand.
	The two strands of DNA separate, and restriction enzymes cut up one strand. Then polymerase synthesizes two new strands out of the old ones.
	The two strands separate, and each one receives a complementary strand of RNA. Then this RNA serves as a template for the assembly of many new strands of DNA.
	Ligase separates the two strands of the DNA double helix. Then DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand and primase synthesizes the lagging strand.

	Instead of moving along the DNA, the DNA polymerase "reels in" the DNA much like a sewing machine pulls material toward its needle.
	The replication machinery is far more complex than a train on a track.
	More than one train can be on the same track, but only one DNA polymerase can be on a given chromosome at any given time.
	All of the above.
	None of the above.

	1 error per 100 nucleotides
	1 error per 1,000 nucleotides
	1 error per 1,000,000 nucleotides
	1 error per 1,000,000,000 nucleotides
	1 per 10,000,000,000 nucleotides

	will almost certainly lead to the death of the cell
	cannot be repaired, and a new mutation will invariably result
	will trigger the cell to destroy the new strand, and replication will begin again
	can be repaired by the mismatch repair system
	is virtually impossible, as the accuracy of DNA polymerase is such that errors almost never occur

	nuclease
	DNA polymerase
	ligase
	primase

	are hypersensitive to sunlight
	have high rates of skin cancer
	often have inherited defects in the nucleotide excision repair system
	have difficulty repairing thymine dimmers
	all of the above

	involves two leading strands and no lagging strands
	cannot be completed by DNA polymerase
	is semiconservative
	has a single origin
	is error free

	get longer with continued cell division
	are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
	remain the same regardless of the frequency of cell division
	get shorter with continued cell division
	are shorter for younger individuals

	is an enzyme made up of protein and RNA that lengthens telomeres
	prevents the loss of centromeric DNA
	speeds cell aging
	slows the rate of cancer cell growth
	splits telomeres