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Chapter 24: The Origin of Species
 
Chapter Quiz
 

Chapter Quiz


1 .       Which term below is a pattern of evolutionary change involving the accumulation of changes that gradually transform a species into a species with different characteristics? (Overview E-Book) [Hint]

 anagenesis
 cladogenesis
 branching evolution
 microevolution
 macroevolution
2 .       Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 live in the same areas
 successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
 are almost identical in appearance
 are merging to form a single species
 have undergone coevolution
3 .       Imagine a scenario in which part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 The island birds all have red feathers, but the mainland birds have green feathers.
 Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile.
 The preferred food of the island birds is quite different from the diet of mainland birds.
 Individuals from the different populations frequently direct courtship behavior toward members of the other population.
 Hybrid offspring of matings between individuals from the two populations do not look like either parent.
4 .       Which one of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 reproductive isolation
 sympatric speciation
 adaptive radiation
 mass extinction
 interbreeding among neighboring populations
5 .       At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 Gene pool changes adapt a population to a local environment.
 Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
 An allopatric separation occurs.
 Viable, fertile hybrids occur.
 All of the above.
6 .       Prezygotic barriers _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 prevent fertilization of gametes from members of sibling species
 prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
 prevent fertilization from occurring between members of the same species with incompatible genes
 prevent donkeys and horses from mating
 only occur in asexual organisms
7 .       Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 prezygotic barrier ... behavioral isolation
 postzygotic ... hybrid breakdown
 prezygotic ... temporal isolation
 postzygotic ... mechanical isolation
 prezygotic ... gametic isolation
8 .       Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of sibling species from copulating successfully? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 hybrid inviability
 hybrid sterility
 gametic isolation
 hybrid breakdown
 mechanical isolation
9 .       Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 temporal isolation
 gametic isolation
 mechanical isolation
 hybrid breakdown
 ecological isolation
10 .       Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 One species of frog mates in April, but another mates in May.
 Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.
 The sperm of a marine worm penetrate eggs of the same species only.
 One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows.
 Two pheasant species perform different courtship dances.
11 .       Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 One Ceanothus shrub lives on acid soil, another on basic soil.
 Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of the year.
 Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls.
 The hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing.
 Pollen of one kind of tobacco cannot fertilize another kind.
12 .       There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 temporal isolation
 gametic isolation
 mechanical isolation
 hybrid inviability
 a geographic barrier
13 .       The biological species concept cannot be applied to organisms that _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 have similar phenotypes
 breed in different habitats
 reproduce only asexually
 reproduce only sexually
 all of the above
14 .       Lake Victoria, in Africa, is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Many of these fishes are similar in appearance but have different feeding habits. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or members of entirely different species? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring.
 Study the fossil record.
 Compare DNA sequences, because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical.
 Do studies on comparative anatomy, especially looking for homologous structures.
 All of these must be done to determine whether a single population or different species are present.
15 .       In practice, how do scientists distinguish most species? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 by using the morphological species concept
 by using the paleontological species concept
 by using the ecological species concept
 by using the phylogenetic species concept
 by using the biological species concept
16 .       Which species concept defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 morphological species concept
 paleontological species concept
 ecological species concept
 phylogenetic species concept
 biological species concept
17 .       Sometimes two phenotypically different populations interbreed to a limited extent, so that it is difficult to determine whether they are clearly separate species. This not a concern to scientists because this _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint]

 is quite rare
 is true for almost every species
 supports the theory of punctuated equilibrium
 may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress
 happens only among plants, not among animals
18 .       Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean
 pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar
 mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah
 fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges
 bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery
19 .       According to the experiment of Diane Dodd, can adaptive divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations lead to reproductive isolation? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 After several generations, the reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete.
 After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute.
 After several generations, the reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete.
 After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) was evident, but not absolute.
 Even after several generations, there was no evidence of a reproductive barrier forming between the populations.


20 .       In which of the following groups has sympatric speciation been most important? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 animals
 plants
 bacteria
 fungi
 protozoa
21 .       If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 6
 12
 24
 48
 none of the above
22 .       A new species can arise in a single generation _____. (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 through geographic isolation
 in a very large population spread over a large area
 if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
 if allopatric speciation occurs
 if adaptive radiation occurs
23 .       Lake Malawi, in the African Rift Valley, is home to more than a hundred species of cichlid fishes, each with slightly different diets and habits. All these species probably evolved from a common ancestor, making them an example of _____. (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 sympatric speciation
 hybrid breakdown
 adaptive radiation
 convergence
 hybrid sterility
24 .       Which of the following is not an example of adaptive radiation? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 bony fish adapting to all areas of the ocean and fresh water
 insects adapting to every land environment
 speciation of finches into each Galápagos Island environment
 a few species of roundworms existing virtually everywhere in the world
 placental mammals replacing reptiles and earlier mammals in their niches
25 .       According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution _____. (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 the tempo of evolution comprises abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium
 isolated species changing over a few thousand generations represent graduated equilibrium, not punctuated equilibrium
 polyploidy is not a mechanism of punctuated equilibrium
 Fossils of organisms that existed during periods of stasis should be as abundant as those of organisms that existed during periods of rapid change.
 none of the above
26 .       Comparison of human fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint]

 It is about time for humans to undergo a burst of change.
 That is about how long we have been reproductively isolated.
 It is impossible to see major internal changes by looking at fossils.
 You would expect lots of changes in the skeleton in that time period.
 Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.
27 .       What is a term for structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function, such as honeycombed bones in earthbound and flying birds? (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint]

 vestigial organs
 exaptations
 sibling traits
 allometric traits
 homeotic traits
28 .       The feet of tree-dwelling salamanders are webbed and have shorter digits than the feet of ground-dwelling salamanders. This adaptation could be _____. (Hint: Ancestral salamanders were ground dwellers.) (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint]

 an exaptation
 an example of paedomorphosis
 an example of heterochrony
 an example of sympatric speciation
 none of the above
29 .       The products of Hox genes _____. (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint]

 provide positional information in animal embryos
 may cause polyploidy in some plants
 control the rate of timing and developmental events
 can cause paedomorphosis
 control allometric growth
30 .       The _____ suggests that differential speciation plays a role in _____ similar to the role of differential reproduction in _____. (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint]

 theory of "evo-devo" ... macroevolution ... microevolution
 theory of adaptive radiation ... microevolution ... macroevolution
 species selection model ... microevolution ... macroevolution
 theory of "evo-devo" ... microevolution ... macroevolution
 species selection model ... macroevolution .... microevolution





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