Watson and Crick
	Beadle and Tatum
	Hershey and Chase
	Franklin
	none of the above

	proteins
	lipids
	RNA
	carbohydrates
	DNA

	Each DNA base codes for three amino acids.
	Each gene codes for three proteins.
	It takes three genes to code for one protein.
	Each triplet has many different meanings.
	Each amino acid in a protein is coded for by three bases in the DNA.

	U ... T
	T ... G
	U ... A
	A ... U
	T ... A

	ribose
	thymine
	uracil
	phosphates
	single-strandedness

	ATU
	GCA
	TCU
	CTA
	UCG

	2 ... dipeptide
	3 ... triose
	2 ... anticodon
	3... codon
	1 ... amino acid

	3'-CCCGGGAAATTT-5'
	3'-CCCGGGAAAUUU-5'
	3'-GGGCCCTTTAAA-5'
	5'-GGGCCCUUUAAA-3'
	5'-GGGCCCTTTAAA-3'

	lys-pro-gly-phe
	pro-lys-phe-gly
	gly-phe-lys-pro
	phe-gly-pro-lys
	gly-phe-pro-lys

	at least 150
	at least 300
	at least 450
	at least 900
	at least 1,350

	inaccurate
	incomplete
	not specific
	redundant
	tricky

	in a double-stranded DNA molecule
	during translation
	during transcription
	when an mRNA codon paired with a tRNA anticodon
	It is impossible to say, given this information.

	RNA polymerase
	RNA ligase
	a ribozyme
	reverse transcriptase
	tRNA

	an enzyme whose specific function is to stop synthesis
	a molecule of tRNA that recognizes a stop codon
	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals the RNA polymerase to stop
	a specific nucleotide sequence in mRNA that signals the RNA polymerase to stop
	none of the above

	on the cell membrane
	in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
	in the cytoplasm
	on free ribosomes
	in the nucleus

	centromere
	intron
	exon
	AUG codon
	promoter

	mRNA is synthesized on both chains of the DNA molecule at once
	mRNA is synthesized on both chains of the DNA molecule, but first on one side and then the other
	mRNA is synthesized on only one of the chains
	half of the mRNA is synthesized on half of one chain; then the other half of the mRNA is made on the other half of the DNA
	any of the above patterns may be found

	the promoter region acts as an initial binding site for RNA polymerase
	only one of the DNA strands is used as the template
	the RNA nucleotides used are produced by the cell
	all of the above
	none of the above

	RNA splicing and editing
	DNA packing
	action of repressors and activators
	protein degradation
	all of the above

	exons are not transcribed
	introns are not transcribed
	exons are transcribed, but the RNA transcribed from introns does not leave the nucleus
	both introns and exons are transcribed, but the RNA transcribed from them does not leave the nucleus
	exons and introns are transcribed, and the RNA transcribed from them leaves the nucleus

	Introns are cut out of the primary transcript, and the resulting exons are spliced together.
	Exons are cut out of the primary transcript, and the introns are spliced together.
	Introns are cut out of the primary transcript and spliced together at the end of the transcript.
	Exons are cut out of the primary transcript and transported to the endoplasmic reticulum.
	Introns are cut out of the primary transcript and transported to the ribosomes.

	part of a spliceosome
	involved in the removal of exons from DNA
	a type of specialized carbohydrate
	a critical component of the initiation complex
	all of the above

	snRNA
	snRNA and tRNA
	snRNA and DNA
	snRNA and protein
	DNA and protein

	Different systems of DNA unpacking could result in two different mRNAs.
	A mutation might have altered the gene.
	Exons from the same gene could be spliced in different ways to make different mRNAs.
	Different transcription factors were involved in the transcription of the two mRNAs.
	The two proteins have different functions in the cell.

	deliver amino acids to their proper site during protein synthesis
	guide ribosome subunits out of the nucleus through nuclear pores
	attach mRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome
	process mRNA
	transcribe mRNA

	DNA transposons leave the nucleus, are transported to a ribosome, and catalyze the polymerization of amino acids in a protein.
	DNA exchanges its thymine units with uracil in polymerase. This activates polymerase, and it starts joining amino acids together.
	Transfer RNAs line up on a ribosome, and amino acids bind to them with hydrogen bonds.
	Messenger RNA is made on a DNA template, and then amino-acid-bearing transfer RNAs bind to it through codon-anticodon pairing.
	None of the above.

	peptide linkages
	hydrophobic interactions
	covalent bonds
	ionic bonds
	hydrogen bonds

	ribosomes
	RNA polymerase
	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes
	transfer RNA
	AUG codons

	ribosomes move into the nucleus
	tRNA carries amino acid molecules to the nucleus, where they are added to a growing polypeptide chain
	polypeptides are synthesized at ribosomes, according to instructions carried by mRNA
	mRNA is synthesized by the bonding of free nucleotides to the bases on the template strand of DNA
	ribosomes move out of the nucleus

	It holds the tRNA that is carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain.
	It holds the growing polypeptide chain.
	It helps "unzip" DNA during transcription.
	It catalyzes the addition of amino acids to the tRNAs.
	It recognizes the promoter during transcription initiation.

	glycine
	serine
	methionine
	adenosine monophosphate
	alanine

	The polypeptide chain is transferred to the single amino acid.
	The tRNA with the single amino acid leaves the ribosome.
	The amino acid is transferred to the polypeptide chain.
	The tRNA with the polypeptide chain leaves the ribosome.
	A third tRNA with an amino acid joins the pair on the ribosome.

	no further amino acids are needed by the cell
	all tRNAs are empty
	the polypeptide is long enough
	the ribosome encounters a "stop" codon
	the ribosome runs off the end of the mRNA strand

	microfilaments and microtubules
	groups of lysosomes
	groups of ribosomes
	groups of chromosomes
	groups of peroxisomes

	there are two types of ribosomes: one group that synthesizes cytoplasmic proteins only, and another type that synthesizes secreted or compartment-specific proteins only
	some proteins, as they begin to be synthesized, contain a signal region that causes the ribosome with its growing polypeptide to attach to the ER and translocate the polypeptide into the lumen (space) of the ER
	proteins destined for secretion or for a specific compartment are all synthesized in the nucleus, whereas cytoplasmic proteins are all synthesized in the cytoplasm
	each compartment in the cell (the nucleus, lysosome, and so forth) has its own set of ribosomes that synthesize proteins unique to that compartment
	ribosomes contain two types of subunits

	1, 2, 3, 4
	3, 2, 1, 4
	4, 2, 3,1
	2 ,3, 4, 1
	1, 2, 4, 3

	In prokaryotes, proteins are assembled directly from DNA.
	RNA polymerases are involved only in initiation in eukaryotes.
	In prokaryotic cells, the mRNA transcript is immediately available as mRNA without processing.
	In eukaryotic cells, transcribed RNA sequences function as termination signals.
	Prokaryotes do not contain ribosomes.

	deletion of one nucleotide
	a missense mutation
	insertion of one nucleotide
	a nonsense mutation
	a silent mutation

	addition of single bases
	base-pair substitution
	transposition
	deletion of single bases
	nonsense mutation

	forms a new stop codon
	occurs in an intron
	changes a stop codon to a codon specifying an amino acid
	changes the structure of an enzyme
	prevents the initiation of transcription of the DNA sequence that codes for ATP synthase

	manufactured proteins to be short and defective
	the DNA to break up into thousands of short segments
	incorrect pairing between mRNA codons and amino acids
	no bad effects, as long as the stop codons are not also inserted into tRNA
	all of the above

	nonsense mutation
	frame-shift mutation
	inversion mutation
	translocation mutation
	missense mutation

	pokes holes in the nuclear envelope
	blocks all translation
	causes mutations in the DNA
	deactivates the enzymes needed for DNA replication
	shreds the cytoskeleton