synthesize DNA
	synthesize RNA
	synthesize protein
	destroy foreign protein
	destroy foreign DNA

	reverse transcriptase
	restriction enzyme
	cDNA
	palindrome
	ligase

	it allows a cell to recognize fragments produced by the enzyme
	the single-stranded ends serve as starting points for DNA replication
	the fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary single-stranded ends
	it enables researchers to use the fragments as introns
	only single-stranded DNA segments can code for proteins

	a technique for finding a gene of interest within a nucleus without destroying the cell
	the ability of plasmids to stick to a bacterial cell wall and thus be taken up into the bacterium
	short bits of single-stranded DNA left at the end of DNA molecules cut by restriction enzymes
	the site on mRNA that sticks to the DNA during transcription
	none of the above

	DNA ligase
	reverse transcriptase
	restriction enzyme
	terminator enzyme
	DNA polymerase

	hydrogen bonding
	DNA ligase
	reverse transcriptase
	DNA polymerase
	heat-resistant DNA polymerase

	a restriction enzyme and a topoisomerase
	a restriction enzyme and a ligase
	a restriction enzyme and a polymerase
	a polymerase and a ligase
	a polymerase and a topoisomerase

	the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments
	the "sticky" ends of a DNA fragment
	an RFLP marker
	a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell
	a DNA probe used to locate a particular gene

	restriction enzyme, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
	restriction enzyme, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase
	reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, restriction enzyme, DNA ligase
	reverse transcriptase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, restriction enzyme
	reverse transcriptase, restriction enzyme, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

	nucleic acid probes
	F factors
	plasmids
	restriction enzymes
	DNA ligase

	clone genes
	produce a large amount of DNA from a tiny amount of DNA
	make exact copies of DNA sequences
	identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids or separated by electrophoresis
	make DNA from RNA

	retroviruses
	plant cells
	cultured fungal cells
	cultured phage-infected mammalian cells
	either retroviruses or cultured phage-infected mammalian cells

	alter the bacteria so that they can splice RNA
	use a nucleic acid probe to find a gene without introns
	work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns
	use a phage to insert the desired gene into a bacterium
	use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene

	reverse transcriptase
	a restriction enzyme
	cDNA
	a palindrome
	a plasmid

	determines which segment of the genome will be amplified
	always matches a stop codon
	always causes a silent mutation
	determines how many cycles of the reaction are needed to obtain a sufficient amount of amplified DNA
	determines the number of tandem repeats in a genome

	nucleotides, primers, and polymerase
	ribosomes, nucleosomes, and messenger RNA
	nucleotides and ligase
	transfer RNA, matching amino acids, and messenger RNA
	ribosomes, matching amino acids, and primers

	two
	three
	four
	six
	eight

	identifying DNA fragments for RFLP analysis
	purifying specific DNA fragments
	distinguishing between different alleles of a gene
	identifying a plasmid or a virus by examining its restriction fragment pattern
	none of the above

	a method of DNA amplification
	a technique used to study RFLPs
	how bacteria take up DNA from the surrounding solution
	the insertion of DNA into a plant's chromosomes
	used to determine the product of a particular gene

	hybridizing the DNA with a radioactive probe
	digesting the DNA with a restriction enzyme
	separating the DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis
	transferring the DNA to a blot
	linking the DNA with DNA ligase

	they are found only in the coding sequences of genes
	they are found only in the promoter regions of genes
	they are found only in disease-causing genes
	they are not restricted to genes, and are abundantly scattered throughout the genome
	they are found only in expressed genes

	a place where a restriction enzyme cuts DNA
	a chart that traces the family history of a genetic trait
	a particular nucleotide sequence whose inheritance can be followed
	a radioactive probe used to find a gene
	an enzyme used to cut DNA

	ordering markers such as RFLPs within the genome
	ordering markers such as simple sequence repeats within the genome
	preparing a collection of large, overlapping genomic DNA fragments, and ordering them relative to each other
	determining the nucleotide sequence of small genomic fragments
	all of the above

	produces a ladder of DNA fragments, with each individual band labeled with one of four different fluorescent tags
	can be used to sequence entire eukaryotic chromosomes in a single reaction
	is very slow, requiring several weeks to determine a sequence of about 200 nucleotides
	does not involve electrophoresis
	is difficult to automate and must be performed under close human supervision

	Analyze the sequence using software that scans the sequence for telltale sequence elements such as promoters, transcription start and stop sites and so on.
	Hybridize the DNA with probes specific for known genes from other organisms.
	Use DNA microarrays to examine the expression of huge numbers of sequences from the genome under different conditions.
	Individually mutate all of the nucleotides within the genome, and determine which mutations cause a detectable phenotype.

	1,000–2,000
	4,000–6,000
	13,000–15,000
	25,000–30,000
	100,000–110,000

	alternative splicing can increase the number of polypeptides made from a single pre-mRNA
	post-translational modifications can increase the types of proteins produced by a single gene
	individual polypeptides can interact to form multiple types of protein complexes
	individual genes can be expressed in more or less complex ways in different organisms
	all of the above

	gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments
	DNA microarray assays
	isolating and analyzing all the proteins from each type of tissue
	PCR
	chromosome walking

	adding a functioning version of a defective gene to the cells of an individual
	allowing individuals to follow the natural progression of a genetic disorder, accompanied by psychological counseling, then drug treatment when the condition becomes life-threatening
	no serious ethical questions
	replacing organs affected with genetic disorders by transplants
	all of the above

	The virus caused the mouse cells to become diseased.
	The virus had transferred a gene from one mouse cell to another.
	The virus inserted the gene encoding the human enzyme into the normally expressed endogenous gene.
	The virus was too small to carry the entire gene.
	The enzyme acted as a nuclease enzyme, cutting up mouse DNA.

	Sam's ... the baby's
	Becky's ... the baby's
	the baby's ... Sam's
	the baby's ... Becky's
	the baby's ... Sam's or Becky's

	the order of bases in a particular gene
	the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA
	the presence of dominant or recessive alleles for particular traits
	the order of genes along particular chromosomes
	the exact location of a specific gene in a genomic library

	a bacterium that has been treated with a compound that affects the expression of many of its genes
	a human treated with insulin produced by E. coli bacteria
	a fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell
	a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes
	all of the above

	the inserted ("foreign") gene is drawn from the human genome
	the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism
	the host organism is a microorganism
	the vector is a plasmid
	all of the above conditions are met

	insert genes of interest into plant chromosomes
	cut DNA at a specific base sequence
	locate specific genes on animal chromosomes
	detect and correct mistakes in DNA replication
	do all of these