systematics
	evolution
	taxonomy
	binomial nomenclature
	phylogeny

	comparing morphology (shape and structure)
	comparing physiology (the functioning of structures and systems)
	comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids
	comparing behavioral patterns
	comparing embryonic development

	It is biased in favor of species with hard shells or skeletons.
	It is biased in favor of species that were widespread and abundant.
	A large number of Earth's species may not have died in the right place or time to be fossilized.
	Only animals can be fossilized; thus, the fossil record cannot be used to study the evolutionary history of plants.
	All of the above are weaknesses of the fossil record.

	homologous
	phylogenetic
	analogous
	binomial
	taxonomic

	a comparison of DNA base sequences
	homologous structures
	fossils
	amino acid sequences of proteins
	analogous structures

	estimate how long ago the common ancestor lived
	reveal the amount of mutations in a particular sequence that have occurred between the species since they diverged from a common ancestor
	hypothesize about the morphological structures of a common ancestor
	hypothesize about the behavior of a common ancestor
	all of the above

	evolution
	the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences
	genetics
	the history of the field of biology
	the environment

	order and family
	body plan and habitat
	species and genus
	family and species
	evolutionary history

	each species is assigned a unique name
	each species has a name that is understandable regardless of language barriers among scientists
	systematists can easily specify the closest relatives of any species
	all of the above
	none of the above

	class
	genus
	kingdom
	phylum
	species

	is a formal grouping at any given level
	is a formal grouping in any level from phylum to species
	is a clade
	is a species
	of one type of organism at one level is comparable to another type of organism at the same level.

	order
	phylum
	genus
	family
	species

	order
	phylum
	genus
	family
	species

	Species C could be in the same class as Species A and B
	Species A and Species B are in the same family
	Species B and Species C share a less recent ancestor than do Species A and B
	all three species are members of the same genus
	all three species are not members of the same phylum

	characteristics shared by all bird families
	evolutionary relationships among families
	families that look most alike
	analogous structures shared by various species
	relative ages of living species of birds

	patterns of shared characteristics
	absolute dates of branch points
	whether the clade is valid
	if the shared characteristics are explained by common ancestry
	the relative sequence in which certain traits originated

	polyphyletic
	paraphyletic
	monophyletic
	heterophyletic
	none of the above

	descriptions of various types of limbs (wings, legs, flippers, etc.)
	the fact that all mammals have hair
	data about skull bones
	the fact that teeth vary among types of mammals
	DNA base sequences

	Outgroup comparison is based on the assumption that homologies present in both the outgroup and ingroup must be derived characters.
	The outgroup would be found at one of the highest branches of a phylogenetic tree.
	The outgroup and ingroup display a mixture of shared and derived characters.
	The outgroup should be less closely related to any members of the ingroup than they are to each other.
	None of the above is true.

	The lengths of the branches that connect the taxa and the order of the branch points are both arbitrary.
	The order of the branch points is arbitrary, but the lengths of the branches that connect the taxa are not.
	Neither the lengths of the branches that connect the taxa nor the order of the branch points is arbitrary.
	The lengths of the branches that connect the taxa are arbitrary, but the order of the branch points is not.
	The length of a branch reflects the number of evolutionary changes that have taken place in that lineage.

	estimate the amount of time since two groups diverged from a common ancestor
	represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor
	reflect the number of evolutionary changes that have taken place in a lineage
	reflect the rate of evolutionary change
	tie polyphyletic clades to a common ancestor

	The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters.
	The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared primitive characters.
	Given the rules of how morphological traits change over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
	Given the rules of how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
	Trees can be constructed that are parsimonious or the most likely, but not both at the same time.

	used to construct trees that are the most parsimonious
	used to construct trees that are the most likely
	used to minimize the total of all the percent differences among all the DNA sequences being compared
	unable to be used to build trees for large data sets
	used to construct DNA trees that are both parsimonious and likely

	It shows that the common ancestor of birds and mammals must have had a four-chambered heart.
	This represents a problem with the principle of parsimony, rather than a problem with the analogy-homology issue.
	The most likely tree is always the most parsimonious.
	The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.
	None of the above.

	mRNA
	rRNA
	mtDNA
	tRNA
	miRNA

	are passed from generation to generation in a straight line
	result from gene duplication
	can only diverge after speciation has taken place
	are responsible for the differences in beta hemoglobin in humans and mice
	cannot diverge in the same gene pool

	Much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection.
	Most harmful mutations are removed from a population quickly.
	Differences in the rate of the clock in different genes are a function of how important each gene is.
	If a particular sequence of amino acids is less critical for survival, fewer new mutations will be harmful and more will be neutral. These genes will change slowly over time.
	When a population has reached equilibrium between the introduction of new neutral alleles and the effects of genetic drift, neutral alleles become fixed at a constant rate.

	1830s
	1890s
	1930s
	1950s
	1980s