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Chapter 47: Animal Development
 
Chapter Quiz
 

Chapter Quiz


1 .       The idea that an egg or sperm contains a preformed, miniature infant that in turn contains a preformed, miniature infant is known as _____. (Overview E-Book) [Hint]

 preformation
 cleavage
 gastrulation
 implantation
 cell differentiation
2 .       In many species, the uneven distribution of _____ within the unfertilized eggs causes the embryonic cells to develop differently. (Overview E-Book) [Hint]

 cytoplasmic determinants
 tissues
 nuclei
 gametes
 cortical granules
3 .       As an animal develops, organs form and the body transforms into a shape typical of the species, in a process called _____. (Overview E-Book) [Hint]

 morphogenesis
 preformation
 cleavage
 cell differentiation
 gastrulation
4 .       A sea urchin sperm penetrates the jelly coat of an egg and adheres to receptor proteins on the egg's surface as a result of _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 the acrosomal reaction
 cleavage
 gastrulation
 the cortical reaction
 depolarization
5 .       How does a zygote differ from an ovum? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 A zygote has more chromosomes.
 A zygote is smaller.
 A zygote consists of more than one cell.
 A zygote is much larger.
 A zygote divides by meiosis.
6 .       After a sperm penetrates an egg, a fertilization envelope forms. This envelope _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 secretes important hormones
 enables the fertilized egg to implant itself in the wall of the uterus
 prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg
 attracts additional sperm to the egg
 is responsible for the fast block to polyspermy
7 .       Cell divisions called _____ proceed so rapidly in the developing embryo that there is no growth of the cells between divisions. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 meiosis
 binary fission
 cleavage
 fragmentation
 none of the above
8 .       During cleavage the single large zygote is converted into a _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 multicellular embryo consisting of smaller cells called blastomeres
 three-layered embryo called a gastrula
 multicellular embryo with a blastopore and an archenteron
 multicellular embryo consisting of a zona pellucida and a zygote
 fetus
9 .       How is the animal hemisphere of a frog blastula different from the vegetal hemisphere? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 The cells of the vegetal hemisphere have more yolk than the cells of the animal hemisphere.
 The cells of the vegetal hemisphere do not participate in gastrulation.
 The vegetal hemisphere is where the polar bodies were produced during oogenesis.
 The cells of the vegetal hemisphere are pigmented more darkly than the cells of the animal hemisphere.
 The blastomeres in the animal hemisphere are larger than the cells in the vegetal hemisphere.
10 .       In a frog gastrula, the area where the gray crescent occurred will be the _____ of the embryo and the blastopore its _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 dorsal side ... anus
 dorsal side ... mouth
 ventral side ... mouth
 ventral side.....anus
 mouth ... dorsal side
 mouth ... ventral side
11 .       In meroblastic cleavage _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 all cell divisions are perpendicular to the animal-vegetal pole
 mesoderm and endoderm differentiate via cell division from mesenchyme
 newly formed cells migrate toward the interior of the embryo
 the zygote and later blastomeres completely divide with each round of cell division
 cell division is restricted to a small disk of yolk-free cytoplasm at the animal pole of the zygote
12 .       During gastrulation, the primitive _____ forms. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 eye
 gut
 nervous system
 heart
 none of the above
13 .       What is the embryonic origin of the lining of the digestive tube? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 endoderm
 ectoderm
 mesoderm
 both endoderm and mesoderm
 all three germ layers
14 .       One difference between the blastula and gastrula stages of development is that _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 blastula cells are more differentiated than gastrula cells
 there are many more cells in a blastula
 the blastula consists of more cell layers
 the blastula is a solid ball of cells, but the gastrula is hollow
 there is an opening from the cavity inside the gastrula to the outside
15 .       Which of the following events is not part of gastrulation? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 cell migration
 obliteration of the blastocoel
 formation of the archenteron
 sorting of cells into three layers
 differentiation of cells into tissues
16 .       The primitive streak of a bird embryo is the functional equivalent of the _____ in a frog. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 blastopore
 archenteron
 yolk plug
 blastocoel
 zona pellucida
17 .       Which one of the following describes the correct sequence of stages during embryogenesis? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula
 cleavage, gastrula, morula, blastula
 blastula, cleavage, morula, gastrula
 morula, blastula, cleavage, gastrula
 gastrula, cleavage, morula, blastula
18 .       The human brain develops from _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 endoderm
 mesoderm
 ectoderm
 both mesoderm and ectoderm
 both ectoderm and endoderm
19 .       In humans, the skeleton and muscles develop from the embryonic _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 endoderm
 ectoderm
 mesoderm
 haploderm
 endoderm and ectoderm
20 .       Which one of the following statements is false? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 The eggs of placental mammals are quite small, with much less yolk than is found in bird eggs.
 Cleavage in mammals is holoblastic, whereas cleavage in birds is meroblastic.
 Birds have three extraembryonic membranes, whereas mammals have four.
 The mammalian zygote experiences compaction at the eight-cell stage.
 All of these statements are correct.
21 .       Which one of the following extraembryonic membranes functions in gas exchange and encloses a chamber for the deposition of wastes of a bird embryo? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 allantois
 amnion
 chorion
 fertilization envelope
 yolk sac
22 .       If you wanted to examine the extraembryonic membranes surrounding a lizard or mouse embryo, you would have to cut through which of the following to see all the others? (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 yolk sac
 amnion
 endoderm
 allantois
 chorion
23 .       In mammals, the allantois is an extraembryonic membrane that is continuous with _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 the trophoblast cells
 the rudimentary gut
 the chorion
 the amnion
 none of the above
24 .       Diseases (such as rubella), drugs, alcohol, and radiation can disrupt human embryonic development. These exposures have the most severe effects on the fetus if they occur during the first three months of gestation, because at this time _____. (Concept 47.1E-Book) [Hint]

 substances can most easily enter the embryo through the placenta
 the embryo has not yet been implanted in the wall of the uterus
 the mother's hormone levels are highest
 the most drastic and rapid changes are occurring in the embryo
 the cells of the embryo are not yet fully activated
25 .       Which one of the following statements is false? (Concept 47.2E-Book) [Hint]

 Morphogenesis in animals and plants involves the movement of cells.
 Sometimes cells migrate individually, and other times they migrate as a sheet.
 During cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis, cells change shape.
 During cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis, cells change position.
 The cytoskeleton drives cell migration.
26 .       Which one of the following statements is false? (Concept 47.2E-Book) [Hint]

 Fibronectin inhibits cell migration.
 The extracellular matrix can direct the migration of cells.
 Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix.
 Cell adhesion molecules are located on cell surfaces.
 Cell adhesion molecules bind to cell adhesion molecules on other cells.
27 .       Up to the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres of a mouse embryo can each form a complete embryo if isolated. This indicates that _____. (Concept 47.3E-Book) [Hint]

 differentiation does not depend on cytoplasmic determinants
 the mouse embryo is strongly polarized
 only the zygote is totipotent
 cytoplasmic determinants are equally distributed during the early cleavage divisions
 mammalian embryos do not experience the progressive restriction of potency characteristic of other classes
28 .       In humans, the cell divisions producing the earliest blastomeres do not result in an asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic determinants. One consequence of this division pattern is _____. (Concept 47.3E-Book) [Hint]

 that only the zygote is totipotent
 the possibility of identical twins or triplets
 that the "progressive restriction of potency" hypothesis does not apply
 that each cleavage event further restricts the potency of the early blastomeres
 that transplanted embryonic tissue will respond to its local environment at any age during embryonic development
29 .       In an experiment on eye development, a thin piece of aluminum foil was placed between the bulging wall of the brain and the overlying ectoderm where the eye normally forms. Wherever the foil was placed, the lens failed to develop, because the foil _____. (Concept 47.3E-Book) [Hint]

 prevented the inductive contact that normally stimulates the lens to form
 changed the gravity in the region
 rearranged the cytoplasmic determinants in the adjacent cells
 prevented the cortical reaction
 prevented the acrosomal reaction
30 .       The digits of a developing vertebrate limb respond to molecules that establish an anterior-posterior axis. These molecules originate in _____. (Concept 47.3E-Book) [Hint]

 the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
 a specialized cluster of cells called Sonic hedgehog
 the apical epidermal ridge (AER)
 the primary organizer
 the gray crescent





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