Credits
Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA
|
 |
Pearson Education (Gradebook)
Senior Developer - Tom DuerrEngineering Project Manager - Carrie Strohl
Quality Assurance - Mary Donovan
Engineering Program Manager - Jeff Reid
Red Hill Studios, Larkspur, CA
|
 |
Web Design
Eric Stickney
QA testing
Beta Breakers, San Rafael, CA
Benjamin Cummings wishes to thank the following individuals for their dedication to the Campbell Biology 7th Edition CD-ROM and website.
Deborah Gale, Pat Burner, Russell Chun, Robin Heyden, Aaron Gass, Meghan Marx.
Benjamin Cummings wishes to thank the following contributors for their long hours and dedication to the Campbell Biology 7th Edition CD-ROM and website.
Activities developed by:
Richard Liebaert, Linn-Benton Community College
Eric Stavney, Highline Community College
Steven Roof, Fairmont State University
Brian Shmaefsky, Kingwood College
Joe Russin, Lane Community College
Steve Berg, Winona State University
David Byres, Florida Community College at Jacksonville
Robert Thornton, University of California at Davis
Jacqueline McLaughlin, Pennsylvania State University at Lehigh Valley
Activities edited by Russell Chun, Pat Burner, and John Burner
Activities and Investigations adapted from The Biology Place for the Campbell Biology CD-ROM and website were originally developed by:
Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw, Clinton, Tennessee
Thomas Terry, University of Connecticut
Graham Kent, Smith College
Peter Russell, Reed College
Deanna Raineri, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Richard Benz, Science Chairman, Wickliffe High School
Brad Williamson, Olathe East High School
Eugene S. Takle and Michael R. Taber, Iowa State University
John Postlethwait, University of Oregon
Carol Welsh, Long Beach City College.
Investigations adapted from Physio Ex for the Campbell Biology CD-ROM and website were originally developed by:
Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest; and Peter Zao, North Idaho College. Programming by Cadre Design pty ltd and additional editing performed by Russell Chun.
Additional Investigations also developed by:
Robert Thornton, University of California, Davis
Lisa Urry, Mills College
Eric Stavney, Highline Community College
Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas.
Edited by Russell Chun, Pat Burner Shana Ederer, John Burner, and Kim Johnson.
Quizzes prepared by:
Project Editor - Amy Austin
Conrad Firling, Univesity of Minnesota, Duluth
Thomas Owens, Cornell University
Mark Hens, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Peter Follette,
Michael Dini, Texas Tech University
Marshall Sundberg, Emporia State University
Jean DeSaix, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Ed Zalisko, Blackburn College
Robert Yost, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis
Janice Moore, Colorado State University
Art and animation provided by:
Russell Chun, Bang Wong, Eric Stickney, Steve Pasos, Jony Chandra, Scott Sawyer, Peter Tsacle, Allyson Kovas, Suling Wang, Eddie Carbin, Steve McIntee, Justin Klein, and Roula Drossis.
News Links provided by:
Richard Benz, Science Chairman, Wickliffe High School
Further Readings provided by:
Lisa A. Urry, Mills College
Christopher Wills, University of California, San Diego
Carl Zimmer
Peter Minorsky, Mercy College
Manuel Molles, University of New Mexico
Activities and Investigations Photo and Video Credits:
Chapter 1:
Activity: The Levels of Life Card Game
© Nigel J. Dennis/NHPA (African savanna), Zebra © Frank Krahmer/Planet Earth Pictures (zebra).
Chapter 2:
Investigation: How Are Space Rocks Analyzed for Signs of Life?
Earth photo courtesy of Chris Kitze. © 1991 Aris Entertainment, Inc.
Chapter 6:
Investigation: What Is the Size and Scale of Our World?
Photo courtesy of NASA
Aerial Photograph near Sacramento, courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the UC Regents
Redwood and Friend photo © Jason Conner;
Camponotus japonicus Mayyr, courtesy of the Japanese Ant Database
Light micrograph of a nematode, © University of California at Davis
Scanning electron micrograph of a mite, Courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the UC Regents
Scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage ingesting bacteria, © James A. Sullivan
Transmission electron micrograph of bacterial cell, Courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the UC Regents
Model of a Rhinovirus, © Jean-Yves Sgro, created with SRF from Michael Connolly
Model of a Hemoglobin Molecule, © Tom Terry
Model of double-helical DNA, © Paul Thiessen
Model of a hydrogen atom, © Tom Terry
Bacteriophage lambda, courtesy of Integrated Microscope Resources
Cyclops, © University of Southhampton
Picornovirus, © Professor Stewart McNulty, the Queen's University of Belfast
Ribosomes, © Wadsworth Center, New York Dept. of Health
Human blood smear, © Loren Hoffman and V.P. Winfrey, Vanderbilt Medical School
Diseased and normal neuron, © Mark Ellisman
Animal fibroblast cell, © University of Southhampton.
Chapter 12:
Activity: Roles of Cell Division
Family photo courtesy of Angela Mann.
Activity: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Video
Mitosis in a Newt Cell, C. L. Rieder, Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research © New York State Department of Health.
Investigation: How Much Time Do Cells Spend in Each Phase of Mitosis?
Whitefish blastula courtesy of Graham Kent, Smith College
Mitosis in a plant cell, C.L. Rieder, Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research © New York State Dept of Health.
Chapter 13:
Investigation: How Can the Frequency of Crossing Over Be Estimated?
Asci micrograph courtesy of Carolina Biological Supply Company.
Chapter 14:
Investigation: How Do You Diagnose a Genetic Disorder?
Pedigree, adapted from J.F. Gusella, et al. (1983) Nature 306: 234-238
PET scans (healthy and with Huntington's disease), Keith A. Johnson, J. Alex Becker
Sketch of human chromosomes (ideogram) courtesy of David Adler, University of Washington, Department of Pathology.
Chapter 16:
Activity: The Hershey-Chase Experiment
Photo of Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, courtesy of ColdSpring Harbor Archives.
Chapter 18:
Activity: The lac Operon in E. coli
Jacob & Monod photo, courtesy of Archive Photo.
Investigation: What Causes Infections in AIDS Patients?: Microscopic view of infected lung tissue, © Jerry Niederkorn, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
Skin lesions, Courtesy of Dr. Jaffe, University of South Carolina Medical School, Columbia, SC.
Microscopic view of skin lesions, Courtesy of Dr. Jaffe, University of South Carolina Medical School, Columbia, SC.
Investigation: Why Do AIDS Rates Differ Across the U.S.?
Data courtesy the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Chapter 20:
Activity: The Human Genome Project: Genes on Human Chromosome 17
© CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 22:
Activity: Darwin and the Galápagos Islands
photos courtesy of Dr. Stephen Ervin and Jim Behnke.
Activity: The Voyage of the Beagle: Darwin's Trip Around the World
Satellite map, © 1997, Living Earth, Inc/Earth Imaging
Beagle's commemorative stamps and Keeling Islands commemorative stamps courtesy Erik Philippus
Rainforest photo courtesy Dr. Stephen Mulkey
Rainforest vines photo courtesy Marco Bleeker, Chez Marco's Botanical Website
Rainforest canopy photo courtesy International Center for Tropical Ecology/University of Missouri – St. Louis. Photo by Nalini Nadkarni
Brazilian rainforest, Andre Tosello © Base de Dados Tropical
Vampire bat, Diana Chaytor
Leaf cutter ant courtesy Faith Foundation
Sloth skeleton, Wellcome Institute Library, London
Guanacos photo courtesy Lost World Adventures
Patagonia cliff © Marcelo D. Beccaceci from Patagonia Wilderness
Rhea, photo of illustration by Steven Borack, Boston
Beech trees photo © Copyright Victory Yacht Cruises, 1988
Tierra del Fuego glacier © 1996 Wayne Bernhardson/Lonely Planet Publications
Falkland Islands, coast and albatross, Ian J. Strange
Fox, photo of illustration by Steven Borack, Boston
The Andes and Mount Orsono © 1995 Wayne Bernhardson/Lonely Planet Publications
Torcaza Trails. Photo by Franz Helfenstein
Earthquake photo, Carl Frank/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Finch and tortoise photos courtesy of Dr. Stephen Ervin
Darwin and Emma, University College London Library, Galton papers
Darwin's study at Down House, English Heritage Photographic Library.
Chapter 33:
Investigation: How Are Insect Species Identified?
Lacewing and cockroach photos, courtesy of the Entomology Department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Dragonfly © Corel Photo CD
Mayfly © Scott Camazine.
Chapter 34:
Investigation: How Does Bone Structure Shed Light on the Origin of Birds?
pigeon skeleton diagram
Comsognathus fossil photo © Palaeontological Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
Comsognathus illustration with permission from artist at Berislav Krzic
Bambiraptor skeleton photo (cropped): Terry Renna/Associated Press Copyright © 2000 Discovery Communications Inc.
Bambiraptor illustration: Picture: Pat Redman/Graves Museum of Archaeology and Natural History Copyright © 2000 Discovery Communications Inc.
Archaeopteryx fossil: University of California-Berkeley, Museum of Paleontology
Longisquama fossil courtesy John Ruben and Terry Jones at Oregon State University
Artist's rendition of Longisquama John Rubens at the University of Oregon
Bone structure micrographs John Rensberger at the Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Chapter 35:
Activity: Root, Stem, and Leaf Sections
Monocot and dicot stem copyright Ed Reschke.
Investigation: What Are Functions of Monocot Tissues?
Dicot and monocot stems courtesy of Graham Kent, Smith College.
Chapter 38:
Investigation: What Tells Desert Seeds When to Germinate?
Pectis papposa photo copyright Wyno Anderson.
Chapter 47:
Activity: Sea Urchin Development
Sea Urchin video. Produced by Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers Sponsored by the Society for Developmental Biology Filmed by Rachel Fink, Mount Holyoke College Seth Ruffins, Carnegie Mellon University Charles Ettensohn, Carnegie Mellon University.
Activity: Frog Development
Frog development video. Produced by Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers Sponsored by the Society for Developmental Biology Filmed by Ray Keller, University of California, Berkeley, John Shih, University of California, Berkeley.
Chapter 51:
Activity: Honeybee Waggle Dance
Honeybee Waggle Dance video, Oxford Scientific Films.
Chapter 52:
Activity: Human Population Growth
Black and white photo, Library of Congress.
Chapter 53:
Activity: Primary Succession
All photos by Tom Bean.
Chapter 54:
Activity: Water Pollution from Nitrates
Manure lagoon photo by Terry Morrow, Copyright © 1995 The Pennsylvania State University.
Activity: Pyramids of Production
cheetah video © Fabulous Footage, Inc.
Chapter 55:
Activity: Madagascar and the Biodiversity Crisis
Baobab tree from Greatest Places Online © 1999 Science Museum of Minnesota.
Activity: Introduced Species: Fire Ants
Ant bites photo by Daniel Wojcik, ARS Image Library
Queen Solenopsis invicta photo by Kenneth Ross
Pseudacteon photo by L. E. Gilbert, University of Texas at Austin
Decapitated fire ant photo by Sanford Porter, ARS Image Library.
Video Credits:
SEA HORSES © National Geographic; PARAMECIUM VACUOLE © Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; PARAMECIUM CILIA Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; PLASMOLYZING ELODEA © Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; TURGID ELODEA © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; ANIMAL MITOSIS © Conly L. Rieder, NY State Department of Health; HYDRA BUDDING Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB Courtesy of Genencor International, Inc.; C. elegans CRAWLING © Robert P. Goldstein, UNC Chapel Hill; TIME-LAPSE OF C. elegans EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT © Robert P. Goldstein, UNC Chapel Hill; THE GRAND CANYON Courtesy of USGS; GALAPAGOS ISLANDS OVERVIEW, THE MARINE IGUANA, THE GALAPAGOS SEA LION, DOME-BACKED TORTOISE © Richard Benz, Science Chairman, Wickliffe School; LAVA FLOW Courtesy of USGS; VOLCANIC ERUPTION Courtesy of USGS; HYDROTHERMAL VENT © National Geographic; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM SWIMMING © Robert Macnab, Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University; OSCILLATORIA © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; AMOEBA Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; EUGLENA, EUGLENA MOTION © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; DINOFLAGELLATE, VORTICELLA CILIA Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; VORTICELLA DETAIL and VORTICELLA HABITAT Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; STENTOR> CILIATE MOVEMENT Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College and STENTOR Mike Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; WATER MOLD OOGONIUM and WATER MOLD ZOOSPORES, DIATOMS MOVING, VARIOUS DIATOMS, VOLVOX COLONY, VOLVOX DAUGHTER, VOLVOX FLAGELLA, and CHLAMYDOMONAS Courtesy Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; AMOEBA PSEUDOPODIA Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD STREAMING and PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD courtesy Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; FLOWER BLOOMING TIME-LAPSE © National Geographic; TIME LAPSE OF FLOWERING PLANT LIFE CYCLE and BEE POLLINATING courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; BAT POLLINATING AGAVE PLANT courtesy Katharine Hinman, SUNY Stony Brook, Department of Ecology and Evolution; PHLYCTOCHYTRIUM ZOOSPORE RELEASE and ALLOMYCES ZOOSPORE RELEASE Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; TIME-LAPSE OF HYDRA EATING DAPHNIA courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; HYDRA RELEASING SPERM courtesy of Kerry Thompson; JELLY SWIMMING and THIMBLEJELLIES © National Geographic; ROTIFER © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; NUDIBRANCHS © National Geographic; EARTHWORM LOCOMOTION and LOBSTER MOUTH PARTS courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; BUTTERFLY EMERGING © National Geographic; ECHINODERM TUBE FEET courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; MANTA RAY, FLAPPING GEESE , SOARING HAWK , and SWANS TAKING FLIGHT © National Geographic; BAT LICKING NECTAR © Katharine Hinman, SUNY Stony Brook, Department of Ecology and Evolution; GIBBONS BRACHIATING © National Geographic; ROOT GROWTH IN A RADISH SEED courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; SUN DEW TRAPPING PREY © National Geographic; PHOTOTROPISM, GRAVITROPISM, and MIMOSA LEAF courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; WHALE EATING A SEAL © National Geographic; T CELL RECEPTORS © Dr. Matthew Krummel, UCSF, Department of Pathology; HUMAN FETUS ULTRASOUND 1 courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; ULTRSOUND OF FETUS 2 courtesy of Mike and Charlie McCullough; SEA URCHIN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Rachel Fink, editor, "A Dozen Eggs", Society for Developmental Biology; FROG EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT Ray Keller and John Shih, University of California, Berkeley, sponsored by the Society for Developmental Biology; CORAL REEF, TUBEWORMS, DUCKLINGS, CHIMP CRACKING NUT, CHIMP AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR, SNAKE RITUAL WRESTLING and WOLVES AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR © National Geographic; ALBATROSS COURTSHIP RITUAL and BLUE-FOOTED BOOBIES COURTSHIP RITUAL Richard Benz, Science Chairman, Wickliffe School; GIRAFFE COURTSHIP and CLOWNFISH AND ANEMONE © National Geographic.
The Campbell Biology Interviews Photos and Sketches by:
Thomas Eisner © Robert Barker, Cornell University; George Langford © Michelle Bosch; Nancy Hopkins © Anne Dowie/Benjamin Cummings; Peter and Rosemary Grant © Rita Nannini; Paul Sereno © Mike Hettwer; Joanne Chory © James Aronovsky; Flossie Wong-Staal © James Aronovsky; David Schindler © Richard Siemens; Mario Molina © Stella Johnson; Bruce Alberts © Linda Bartlett/Addison Wesley Longman.; Mary-Claire King © Mary Levin, University of Washington; Richard Dawkins © Kathleen Cameron/Addison Wesley Longman.; Elisabeth Vrba © Sven Martson/Addison Wesley Longman; Gloria Coruzzi © Kathleen Cameron/Addison Wesley Longman; Terence Dawson © Paul Anderton/Addison Wesley Longman.; Michael Dombeck © Linda Bartlett/Addison Wesley Longman.; Eloy Rodriguez © John Bohn; Shinya Inoué © Mary DeChirico/Benjamin/Cummings.; David Satcher © Kevin Keister/Benjamin/Cummings.; John Maynard Smith © Stuart Frawley/Benjamin/Cummings.; Edward O. Wilson © John Bohn; Adrienne Clarke © Julian Kingma/Benjamin/Cummings.; Patricia Churchland © Rocky Thies; Margaret Davis © Tom Foley/Benjamin/Cummings; Candace Pert © Annalisa Kraft; Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop © Robin Heyden; David Suzuki © Pedro Perez; Ernst Mayr © Annalisa Kraft; Stephen Jay Gould © Annalisa Kraft; Virginia Walbot © Alain McGlaughlin; Insert of Corn. Courtesy of Virginia Walbot; Karel Liem © Ron Wurzer; Ariel Lugo © Alain McGlaughlin; Stanley Miller sketches © Robin J. Williams; Charles Leblond sketches © Robin J. Williams; Microscope © Robin J. Williams; Nancy Wexler sketches © Robin J. Williams; Niles Eldredge sketches © Robin J. Williams; William Schopf sketches © Robin J. Williams; Ruth Satter sketches © Robin J. Williams; George Bartholomew sketches © Robin J. Williams; Elephant Seal sketch © Robin J. Williams; Jane Goodall sketches © Ray Pfortner; Chimpanzee sketch © Ray Pfortner; Linus Pauling © James W. Behnke; Peter and Birgit Satir sketches © Jeffrey Fox; James D Watson opener Mark Tuschman © Benjamin/Cummings; Watson sketch by Mark Tuschman © Benjamin/Cummings; Watson & interviewer sketch by Mark Tuschman © Benjamin/Cummings; Steven M. Stanley © James W. Behnke; Lynn Margulis Lynn Margulis; Margulis & interviewer sketches by Lynn Margulis; Kenneth Thimann © James W. Behnke; Albert F. Bennett and and interviewer sketches © James W. Behnke; Jane Lubchenco © James W. Behnke.
Campbell Media Manager Credits:
- Illustration Credits
The following figures are adapted from Christopher K. Matthews and K. E. van Holde, Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1996 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: 4.6, 9.9, and 17.16b and c.
The following figures are adapted from Wayne M. Becker, Jane B. Reece, and Martin F. Poenie, The World of the Cell, 3rd ed., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1996 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: 4.7, 6.7, 7.8, 11.7a, 11.10, 17.10, 19.13, 19.16, and 20.7
Figures 6.9 and 6.23 and cell organelle drawings in Figures 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, and 6.20 are adapted from illustrations by Tomo Narashima in Elaine N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed., San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Figures 6.12, 49.10, and 49.11 are also from Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed.
The following figures are adapted from Murray W. Nabors, Introduction to Botany, San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 30.12j, 38.3c, 39.13, and 41.10.
Figures 46.16, 48.22, 48.24, 49.26, 49.29, and 49.33 are adapted from Elaine N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1998 Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Some illustrations used in BIOLOGY, Seventh Edition, are adapted from Neil Campbell, Brad Williamson, and Robin Heyden, Biology: Exploring Life, Needham, MA, Prentice Hall School Division. © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. Artists: Jennifer Fairman; Mark Foerster; Carlyn Iverson; Phillip Guzy; Steve McEntee; Stephen McMath; Karen Minot; Quade and Emi Paul, Fivth Media; and Nadine Sokol.
1.10 and graphic in Table 1.1 Adapted from Figure 4 from L. Giot et al., "A Protein Ineraction of Map of Drosophila melanogaster, Science, Dec. 5, 2003, p. 1733.;
1.27 Map provided courtesy of David W. Pfennig, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.;
1.29 Map provided courtesy of David W. Pfennig, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.. Data in pie charts based on D. W. Pfennig et al. 2001. Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry. Nature 410: 323.
3.7a Adapted from Scientific American, Nov. 1998, p. 102.
4.8 Adapted from an illustration by Clark Still, Columbia University.
5.13 From Biology: The Science of Life, 3/e by Robert Wallace et al. Copyright © 1991. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.;
5.20a, b Adapted from D. W. Heinz, W. A. Baase, F. W. Dahlquist, B. W. Matthews. 1993. How amino-acid insertions are allowed in an alpha-helix of T4 lysozyme. Nature 361:561;
5.20e and f © Illustration, Irving Geis. Rights owned by Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Not to reproduced without permission;
Table 6.1 Adapted from W. M. Becker, L. J. Kleinsmith, and J. Hardin, The World of the Cell, 4th ed. (San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2000), p. 753.
9.5a & b Copyright © 2002 from Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed. by Bruce Alberts et al., fig. 2.69, p. 92. Garland Science/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
10.14 Adapted from Richard and David Walker. Energy, Plants and Man, fig. 4.1, p. 69. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. © Richard Walker. Used courtesy of Oxygraphics.
12.12 Copyright © 2002 from Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed., by Bruce Alberts et al., fig. 18.41, p. 1059. Garland Science/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
17.12 Adapted from L. J. Kleinsmith and V. M. Kish. 1995. Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers.
19.17b © Illustration, Irving Geis. Rights owned by Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Not to reproduced without permission.;
Table 19.1 A. Griffiths et al. 2000. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th ed., Table 26-4, p. 787. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Copyright © 2000 W. H. Freeman and Company.
20.9 Adapted from Peter Russell, Genetics, 5th ed., fig. 15.24, p. 481, San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. © 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey;
20.11 Adapted from a figure by Chris A. Kaiser and Erica Beade.
21.15 Copyright © 2002 from Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed., by Bruce Alberts et al., fig. 21.17, p. 1172. Garland Science/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.;
21.23 Adapted from an illustration by William McGinnis;
21.24 Brine shrimp adapted from M. Akam. 1995. Hox genes and the evolution of diverse body plans. Philosophical Transactions B. 349:313-319. © 1995 Royal Society of London. In Wolpert et al. 1998. Principles of Development, fig. 15.10, p. 452. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
22.13 Adapted from R. Shurman et al. 1995. Journal of Infectious Diseases 171:1411.
23.13 Adapted from A. C. Allison. 1961. Abnormal hemoglobin and erythrocyte enzyme-deficiency traits. In Genetic Variation in Human Populations, ed. G. A. Harrison. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
24.7 Adapted from D. M. B. Dodd, Evolution 11: 1308-1311;
24.14 Adapted from M. Strickberger. 1990. Evolution. Boston: Jones & Bartlett;
24.16 Adapted from L. Wolpert. 1998. Principles of Development. Oxford University Press; 24.18 Adapted from M. I. Coates. 1995. Current Biology 5:844-848.
25.18 Adapted from S. Blair Hedges. The origin and evolution of model organisms. fig. 1, p. 840. Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 838-849.
26.3 Adapted from D. Futuyma. 1998. Evolutionary Biology, 3rd ed., p. 128. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates;
26.4a Map adapted from http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/Maps/map_quakes_volcanoes_plates.html;
26.6 Data from M. J. Benton. 1995. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268:55;
26.11 Figure 4c from "The Antiquity of RNA-based Evolution" by G.F. Joyce et al., Nature, Vol. 418, p. 217. Copyright © 2002 Nature Publishing Co..;
26.12 Adapted from David J. Des Marais. September 8, 2000. When did photosynthesis emerge on Earth? Science 289:1703-1705;
26.19 Data from A. H. Knoll and S. B. Carroll, June 25, 199. Science 284:2129-2137.
27.6 Adapted from Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. 1998. Microbiology: An Introduction, 6th ed. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1998 Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
28.3 Figure 3 from Archibald and Keeling, "Recycle Plastics," Trends in Genetics, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2, 2002, p. 352. Copyright © 2002, with permission from Elsevier;
28.12 Adapted from R. W. Bauman. 2004. Microbiology, fig. 12.7, p. 350. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
29.13 Adapted from Raven et al. Biology of Plants, 6th ed., fig. 19.7.
Table 30.1 Adapted from Randy Moore et al., Botany, 2nd ed. Dubuque, IA: Brown, 1998, Table 2.2, p. 37.
34.8a Adapted From J. Mallatt and J. Chen, "Fossil sister group of craniates: predicted and found," Journal of Morphology, Vol. 251, no. 1, fig.1, 5/15/03,© 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc., a Wiley Co.;
34.8b Adapted from D.-G. Shu et al. 2003. Head and backbone of the early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature 421:528, fig. 1, part l. © 2003 Nature Publishing Group;
34.12 Adapted From K. Kardong, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, 3/e, © 2001McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Mathematics;
34.19 Adapted from C. Zimmer. 1999. At the Water's Edge. Free Press, Simon & Schuster p. 90;
34.20 Adapted from C. Zimmer. 1999. At the Water's Edge. Free Press, Simon & Schuster p. 99;
34.33 Adapted from Stephen J. Gould et al. 1993. The Book of Life. London: Ebury Press, p. 96. Reprinted by permission of Random House UK Ltd;
34.41 Drawn from photos of fossils: O. tugenensis photo in Michael Balter, Early hominid sows division, ScienceNow, Feb. 22, 2001, © 2001 American Association for the Advancement of Science. A. ramidus kadabba photo by Timothy White, 1999/Brill Atlanta. A. anamensis, A. garhi, and H. neanderthalensis adapted from The Human Evolution Coloring Book. K platyops drawn from photo in Meave Leakey et al., New hominid genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages, Nature, March 22, 2001, 410:433. P. boisei drawn from a photo by David Bill. H. ergaster drawn from a photo at www.inhandmuseum.com. S. tchadensis drawn from a photo in Michel Brunet et al., A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa, Nature, July 11, 2002, 418:147, fig. 1b.
35.21 Pie chart adapted from Nature, Dec. 14, 2000, 408:799.
39.17(graph), 38.18 Adapted from M. Wilkins. 1988. Plant Watching. Facts of File Publ.;
39.29 Reprinted with permission from Edward Framer, 1997, Science 276:912. Copyright © 1997 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
40.17 Adapted from an illustration by Enid Kotschnig in B. Heinrich, 1987. Thermoregulation in a winter moth. Scientific American 105;
40.20 Adapted with permission from B. Heinrich, 1974, Science 185:747-756. © 1974 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
41.5 Adapted from J. Marx, "Cellular Warriors at the Battle of the Bulge," Science, Vol. 299, p. 846. Copyright © 2003;
41.13 Adapted from Lawrence G. Mitchell, John A. Mutchmor, and Warren D. Dolphin. 1988. Zoology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1988 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company;
41.15 Adapted from R. A. Rhoades and R. G. Pflanzer. 1996. Human Physiology, 3rd ed., Saunders (Thomson Learning—Brooks/Cole), fig. 22-1, p. 666.
43.7 Adapted from Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. 1998. Microbiology: An Introduction, 6th ed. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1998 Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
44.5 Kangaroo rat data adapted from Schmidt-Nielsen. 1990. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 4th ed., p. 339. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
44.6 Adapted from K.B. Schmidt-Nielsen et al., "Body temperature of the camel and its relation to water economy," American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 10, No. 188, (Dec.), 1956, figure 7. Copyright © 1956 American Physiological Society. Used with permission.;
44.8 Adapted from Lawrence G. Mitchell, John A. Mutchmor, and Warren D. Dolphin. 1988. Zoology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1988 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
47.20 From Wolpert et al. 1998. Principles of Development, fig. 8.25, p. 251 (right). Oxford: Oxford University Press. By permission of Oxford University Press;
47.23b From Hiroki Nishida, Developmental Biology 121 (1987):526. Reprinted with permission of Academic Press
47.25 Experiment and left side of "Results": From Wolpert et al. 1998. Principles of Development, fig. 1.10. Oxford: Oxford University Press. By permission of Oxford University Press; Right side of "Results": Figure 15.12, p. 604 from Developmental Biology, 5th ed. by Gilbert et al. Copyright © 1997 Sinauer Associates. Used with permission.
48.13 From G. Matthews, Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle. Copyright © 1986 Blackwell Science. Used with permission.
48.33 Adapted from John G. Nicholls et al. 2001. From Neuron to Brain, 4th ed., fig. 23.24. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. © 2001 Sinauer Associates.
49.19 Adapted from Bear et al. 2001. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 2nd ed., figs. 11.8 and 11.9, pp. 281 and 283. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins © 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
49.22 Adapted from Shepherd. 1988. Neurobiology, 2nd ed., fig. 11.4, p. 227. Oxford University Press. (From V. G. Dethier. 1976. The Hungry Fly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.);
49.23 (Lower) Adapted from Bear et al. 2001. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 2nd ed., fig. 8.7, p. 196. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. © 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
49.27b Grasshopper adapted from Hickman et al. 1993. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 9th ed., fig. 22.6, p. 518. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 1995 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
50.2 Adapted from G. Caughly, N. Shepherd, and J. Short. 1987. Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, fig. 1.2, p. 12, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Copyright © 1987 Cambridge University Press;
50.7a Data from U. S. Geological Survey;
50.8 Data from W. J. Fletcher. 1987. Interactions among subtidal Australian sea urchins, gastropods and algae: effects of experimental removals. Ecological Monographs 57:89—109;
50.14 Adapted from L. Roberts. 1989. How fast can trees migrate? Science 243:736, fig. 2. © 1989 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science;
50. 19 Adapted from Heinrich Walter and Siegmar-Walter Breckle. 2003. Walter'sVegetation of the Earth, fig. 16, p. 36. Springer-Verlag, © 2003.
51.3b Adapted from N. Tinbergen. 1951. The Study of Instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press. By permission of Oxford University Press;
51.10 Adapted from C. S. Henry et al. 2002. The inheritance of mating songs in two cryptic, sibling lacewings species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Genetica 116: 269-289, fig. 2;
51.14 Adapted from Lawrence G. Mitchell, John A. Mutchmor, and Warren D. Dolphin. 1988. Zoology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1988 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company;
15.15 Adapted from N. L. Korpi and B. D. Wisenden. 2001. Learned recognition of novel predator odour by zebra danios, Danio rerio, following time-shifted presentation of alarm cue and predator odour. Environmental Biology of Fishes 61: 205-211, fig. 1;
51.19 Adapted from M. B. Sokolowski et al. 1997. Evolution of foraging behavior in Drosophila by density-dependent selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94: 7373-7377, fig. 2b;
51.20a Adapted from a photograph by Jonathan Blair in Alcock. 2002. Animal Behavior, 7th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers;
51.20b From P. Berthold et al., "Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species," Nature, Vol. 360, 12/17/92, p. 668. Copyright © 1992 Nature Publishing, Inc. Used with permission;
51.27 K. Witte and N. Sawka. 2003. Sexual imprinting on a novel trait in the dimorphic zebra finch: sexes differ. Animal Behaviour 65: 195-203. Art adapted from http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/biologie/vhf/KW/Forschungsprojekte2.html.
Table 51.1 Source: J. K. Bester-Meredith and C. A. Marler. 2003. Vasopressin and the transmission of paternal behavior across generations in mated, cross-fostered Peromyscus mice. Behavioral Neuroscience 117:455-463.
52.4 Adapted from P. W. Sherman and M. L. Morton, "Demography of Belding's ground squirrels," Ecology, Vol. 65, No. 5, p. 1622, 1984. Copyright © 1984 Ecological Society of America. Used by permission;
52.13c Data courtesy of P. Arcese and J. N. M. Smith, 2001;
52.14 Adapted from J. T. Enright. 1976. Climate and population regulation: the biogeographer's dilemma. Oecologia 24:295-310;
52.15b Data from J. N. M. Smith and P. Arcese;
52.18 Data courtesy of Rolf O. Peterson, Michigan Technological University, 2004;
52.19 Data from Higgins et al. May 30, 1997. Stochastic dynamics and deterministic skeletons: population behavior of Dungeness crab. Science;
52.20 Adapted al., 1996, "A metapopulation approach to the population biology of the song sparrow Melospiza melodia," IBIS, Vol. 138, fig. 3, pp. 120-128;
52.23 Data from U. S. Census Bureau International Data Base;
52.24 Data from Population Reference Bureau 2000 and U. S. Census Bureau International Data Base, 2003;
52.25 Data from U. S. Census Bureau International Data Base;
52.26 Data from U. S. Census Bureau International Data Base 2003;
52.27 Data from J. Wackernagel et al. 1999. National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics 29: 375—390.
Tables 52.1 and 52.2 Data from P. W. Sherman and M. L. Morton. 1984. Demography of Belding's Ground Squirrels. Ecology 65:1617-1628. © 1984 by the Ecological Society of America.
53.3 A. S. Rand and E. E. Williams. 1969. The anoles of La Palma: aspects of their ecological relationships. Breviora 327. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. © Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College;
53.13 Adapted from E. A. Knox. 1970. Antarctic marine ecosystems. In Antarctic Ecology, ed. M. W. Holdgate, 69-96. London: Academic Press;
53.14 Adapted from D. L. Breitburg et al. 1997. Varying effects of low dissolved oxygen on trophic interactions in an estuarine food web. Ecological Monographs 67: 490. Copyright © 1997 Ecological Society of America;
53.15 Adapted from B. Jenkins. 1992. Productivity, disturbance and food web structure at a local spatial scale in experimental container habitats. Oikos 65: 252. Copyright © 1992 Oikos, Sweden;
53.17 Adapted from J. A. Estes et al. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282:474. Copyright © 1998 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science;
53.19 Data from S. D. Hacker and M. D. Bertness. 1999. Experimental evidence for factors maintaining plant species diversity in a New England salt marsh. Ecology 80: 2064-2073;
53.23 Adapted from R. L. Crocker and J. Major. 1955. Soil Development in relation to vegetation and surface age at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Journal of Ecology 43: 427-448;
53.24d Data from F. S. Chapin, III, et al. 1994. Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64: 149-175.
53.25 Adapted from D. J. Currie. 1991. Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. American Naturalist 137: 27-49;
53.26 Adapted from F. W. Preston. 1960. Time and space and the variation of species. Ecology 41: 611-627;
53.28 Adapted from F. W. Preston. 1962. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 43: 185-215, 410-432.
54.2 Adapted from D. L. DeAngelis. 1992. Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs. New York: Chapman & Hall;
54.6 Adapted from J. H. Ryther and W. M. Dunstan. 1971. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and
eutrophication in the coastal marine environment. Science 171:1008-1013;
54.8 Data from M. L. Rosenzweig. 1968. New primary productivity of terrestrial environments: Predictions from climatologic data, American Naturalist 102:67-74.
54.9 Adapted from S. M. Cargill and R. L. Jefferies. 1984. Nutrient limitation of primary production in a sub-arctic salt marsh. Journal of Applied Ecology 21:657-668;
54.17a Adapted from R. E. Ricklefs. 1997. The Economy of Nature, 4th ed. © 1997 by W. H. Freeman and Company. Used with permission;
54.21 Adapted from G. E. Likens et al. 1981. Interactions between major biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. In Some Perpsectives of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. G. E. Likens, 93-123. New York: Wiley;
54.22 Adapted from National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NRSP-3) National Trends Network. (2004). NADP Program Office, Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign, IL 61820. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu;
54.24 Temperature data from U. S. National Climate Data Center, NOAA. CO2 data from C. D. Keeling and T. P. Whorf, Scripps Institution of Oceanography;
54.26 Data from British Antarctic Survey;
Table 54.1 Data from Menzel and Ryther, Deep Sea Ranch 7(1961):276-281.
55.9 Adapted from Charles J. Krebs. 2001. Ecology, 5th ed., fig. 19.1. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.;
55.10 Adapted from R. L. Westemeier et al. 1998. Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population. Science 282:1696. © 1998 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science;
55.12 Adapted from K. A. Keating et al. 2003. Estimating numbers of females with cubs-of-the-year in the Yellowstone grizzly bear population. Ursus 13:161—174;
55.17 From N. Myers et al., "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities," Nature, Vol. 403, p. 853, 2/24/2000. Copyright © 2000 Nature Publishing, Inc. Used with permission;
55.18 Adapted from W. D. Newmark. 1985. Legal and biotic boundaries of western North American national parks: a problem of congruence. Biological Conservation 33:199. © 1985 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., Barking, England;
55.21 Adapted from A. P. Dobson et al. 1997. Hopes for the future: restoration ecology and conservation biology. Science 277:515. © 1997 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science;
55.23 Data from Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos de Costa Rica and Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion, Universidad de Costa Rica.
- Photo Credits
Cover Image: Linda Broadfoot
Unit Opening Interviews
Unit I Paul Osso, Benjamin Cummings Publishing; Unit II Sam Kittner; Unit III Justin Allardyce Knight; Unit IV Angela Elbern, Benjamin Cummings Publishing; Unit V Lee W. Wilcox, Benjamin Cummings Publishing; Unit VI Steve Walag, Benjamin Cummings Publishing; Unit VII Les Todd, Duke University Photography; Unit VIII John Sherman, Benjamin Cummings Publishing
Chapter 1
1.1 Linda Broadfoot; 1.2a John Foxx; 1.2b Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; 1.2c Dorling Kindersley; 1.2d Joe McDonald/CORBIS; 1.2e Michael & Patricia Fogden/CORBIS; 1.2f Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 1.2g Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 1.3.1 WorldSat International/Photo Researchers; 1.3.2 Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS; 1.3.3 Gary Carter/Visuals Unlimited; 1.3.4 Michael Orton/Photographer's Choice; 1.3.5 Carol Fuegi/CORBIS; 1.3.6 Photodisc; 1.3.7 Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1.3.8 Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 1.3.9 E. H. Newcomb & W.P.Wergin/ Biological Photo Service; 1.3.10 Benjamin Cummings; 1.4 Photodisc; 1.5 both Conly Rieder; 1.6 Camille Tokerud/Stone; 1.7 Photodisc; 1.8a S. C. Holt, University of Texas Health Center/Biological Photo Service; 1.8b Dr. D. W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; 1.9 David Parker/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1.13 Charles H. Phillips; 1.15.1 Oliver Meckes/Nicole Ottawa/Photo Researchers; 1.15.2 Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited; 1.15.3 D. P. Wilson/Photo Researchers; 1.15.4 Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures; 1.15.5 Peter Lilja/Taxi; 1.15.6 Anup Shah/Nature Picture Library; 1.16a VVG/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1.16b OMIKRON/Photo Researchers; 1.16c W. L. Dentler, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Sevices; 1.17 Mike Hettwer; 1.18 American Museum of Natural History; 1.19a Hal Horwitz, CORBIS; 1.19b-c Dorling Kindersley; 1.22 Dorling Kindersley; 1.24a Karl Ammann/CORBIS; 1.24b Dorling Kindersley; 1.26a Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold; 1.26b John Alcock/Visuals Unlimited; 1.27a Breck P. Kent; 1.27b E. R. Degginger/Photo Resarchers; 1.28 both David Pfennig; 1.31 Don Hammerman/NYU; 1.32 Stone; Table 1.1 left Dr. D. W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; Table 1.1 right S. C. Holt, University of Texas Health Center/Biological Photo Service; Table 1.2 Photodisc; Table 1.5 Photodisc; Table 1.6 Michael & Patricia Fogden/CORBIS; Table 1.7 left Hal Horwitz, CORBIS; Table 1.7 right Dorling Kindersley; Table 1.9 Dorling Kindersley; Table 1.10 Karl Ammann/CORBIS; Table 1.11 Stone
Chapter 2
2.1 Thomas Eisner; 2.2 left Chip Clark; 2.2 middle & right Benjamin Cummings; 2.3a Grant Heilman Photography; 2.3b Ivan Polunin/Bruce Coleman; 2.5 Terraphotographics/Biological Photo Service; 2.6 CTI; 2.14 Benjamin Cummings; gecko p40 Dorling Kindersley; 2.18 Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; moth p44 E. R. Degginger/Color-Pic
Chapter 3
3.1 NASA; 3.3 left PhotoDisc; 3.3 right Richard Kessel & Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 3.4 George Bernard/Animals Animals; 3.5 Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 3.9 Oliver Strewe/Stone
Chapter 4
4.1 Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 4.2 Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 4.6 Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 4.9 both Digital Vision
Chapter 5
5.1 Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; 5.6a John N. A. Lott, McMaster University/Biological Photo Service; 5.6b H. Shio and P.B. Lazarow; 5.8 J. Litray/Visuals Unlimited; 5.9 left Jeremy Woodhouse/PhotoDisc; 5.9 right T.J. Beveridge/Visuals Unlimited; 5.10b F. Collet/Photo Researchers; 5.10c CORBIS; 5.12a Dorling Kindersley; 5.12b Photodisc Green; 5.20 Wolfgang Kaehler/Liaison; 5.21 both Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 5.23 P. B. Sigler from Z. Xu, A. L. Horwich, and P. B. Sigler, Nature (1997) 388:741-750. ©1997 Macmillan Magazines, Ltd.; 5.24a Marie Green, University of Califonia, Riverside
Chapter 6
6.1 Molecular Probes; 6.3a Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 6.3b Ed Reschke; 6.3c-d David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 6.3e Molecular Probes; 6.3f both Karl Garsha; 6.4a-b William L. Dentler, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service; 6.6 S. C. Holt, University of Texas Health Center/Biological Photo Service; 6.8 Daniel Friend; 6.10 top left From L. Orci and A. Perelet, Freeze-Etch Histology. (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1975) © 1975 Springer-Verlag; 6.10 bottom left From A. C. Faberge, Cell Tiss. Res. 151 (1974):403. © 1974 Springer-Verlag; 6.10 right U. Aebi et al. Nature 323 (1996):560-564, figure 1a. Used with permission; 6.11 D. W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers; 6.12 R. Bolender, D. Fawcett/Photo Researchers; 6.13 Don Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; 6.14a R. Rodewald, University of Virginia/Biological Photo Service; 6.14b Daniel S. Friend, Harvard Medical School; 6.15 E. H. Newcomb; 6.17 Daniel S. Friend, Harvard Medical School; 6.18 W. P. Wergin and E. H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin, Madison/Biological Photo Service; 6.19 From S. E. Fredrick and E. H. Newcomb, The Journal of Cell Biology 43 (1969):343. Provided by E. H. Newcomb; 6.20 John E. Heuser, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; 6.21 B. J. Schapp et al., 1985, Cell 40:455; Table 6.1 left Mary Osborn, Max Planck Institute; middle Frank Solomon and J. Dinsmore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; right Mark S. Ladinsky and J. Richard McIntosh, University of Colorado; 6.22 Kent McDonald; 6.23a Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 6.23b Oliver Meckes & Nicole Ottawa/Photo Researchers; 6.24a OMIKRON/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 6.24b-c W. L. Dentler, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service; 6.26 From Hirokawa Nobutaka, The Journal of Cell Biology 94 (1982):425 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; 6.28 G. F. Leedale/Photo Researchers; 6.30 W. P. Wergin, provided by E. H. Newcomb; 6.31 top From Douglas J. Kelly, The Journal of Cell Biology 28 (1966):51 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; 6.31 middle From L. Orci and A. Perrelet, Freeze-Etch Histology. (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1975) copyright 1975 Springer-Verlag; 6.31 bottom From C. Peracchia and A. F. Dulhunty, The Journal of Cell Biology 70 (1976):419 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; 6.32 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Forlag AB, The Body Victorious, Delacorte Press, Dell Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 7
7.4 both D. W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers; 7.14a-b Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited; 7.20 top R. N. Band and H. S. Pankratz, Michigan State University/Biological Photo Service; 7.20 middle D. W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers; 7.20 bottom, both M. M. Perry and A. B. Gilbert, J. Cell Science 39 (1979) 257. Copyright 1979 by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
Chapter 8
8.1 Jean-Marie Bassot/Photo Researchers; 8.2 David W. Hamilton/Image Bank; 8.3a Joe McDonald/CORBIS; 8.3b Manoj Shah/Stone; 8.4 Brian Capon; 8.16a-b Thomas Steitz, Yale University; 8.22 R. Rodewald, University of Virginia/Biological Photo Service
Chapter 9
9.1 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures
Chapter 10
10.1 Bob Rowan, Progressive Image/CORBIS; 10.2a Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures; 10.2b Bob Evans/Peter Arnold; 10.2c Ann Clemens, UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, University of Texas at Austin; 10.2d Susan Barns; 10.3 middle M. Eichelberger/Visuals Unlimited; 10.3 bottom W. P. Wergin and E. H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin/Biological Photo Service; 10.11b Christine L. Case, Skyline College; 10.20a David Muench/CORBIS; 10.20b Dave Bartruff/CORBIS
Chapter 11
11.1 CrystalGenomics
Chapter 12
12.1 J. M. Peters; 12.2a Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 12.2b C. R. Wyttenback, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service; 12.2c Biophoto/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 12.3 Courtesy of J. M. Murray, University of Pennsylvania; 12.4 Biophoto/Photo Researchers; 12.6 all Conly Rieder; 12.7 top Matthew Schibler, from Protoplasma 137 (1987):29-44; 12.7 bottom Richard Mcintosh; 12.9a David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 12.9b Micrograph by B. A. Palevitz. Courtesy of E. H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin; 12.10 all Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 12.17 Gunter Albrecht-Buehler, Northwestern University; 12.18a-b Lan Bo Chen; p 235 Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake
Chapter 13
13.1 Getty Images; 13.2 Roland Birke/OKAPIA/Photo Researchers; 13.3 top Veronique Burger/Photo Researchers; 13.3 bottom CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers; 13.11 Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Chapter 14
14.1 Bettmann/CORBIS; 14.13 both Photodisc; 14.14a, both Photodisc; 14.14b, both Benjamin Cummings; 14.15 Dick Zimmerman/Shooting Star International Photo Agency; 14.16 Nancy Wexler, Columbia University; p 272 Breeder/owner: Patricia Speciale, photographer: Norma JubinVille
Chapter 15
15.1 Peter Lichter and David Ward, Science 247 (1990). Copyright 1990 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 15.3 Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited; chromosomes p. 282 Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; 15.11 Dorling Kindersley; 15.13 Martin Gallardo, Universidad Austral de Chile; 15.15 left Greenlar/The Image Works; 15.15 right CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 15.18 Ken Wagner/Phototake
Chapter 16
16.1 National Cancer Institute; 16.3 Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers; 16.6a Elliott & Fry, National Portrait Gallery; 16.6b From J.D. Watson, The Double Helix, NY: Atheneum Press, 1968, p. 215. ©1968 by J.D. Watson. Courtesy of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives; 16.7c Richard Wagner, UCSF Graphics; 16.12b From D. J. Burks and P. J. Stambrook, The Journal of Cell Biology 77 (1978): 762 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press. Photo provided by P. J. Stambrook; 16.19 Peter Lansdorp
Chapter 17
17.1 Harry Knoller, UC Santa Cruz, from Science Vol. 291, p. 2526; 17.6 Keith V. Wood; 17.16a Joachim Frank, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; 17.20 B. Hamkalo and O.L. Miller, Jr.; 17.22 Reprinted with permission from O. L. Miller , Jr., B. A. Hamkalo, and C. A Thomas, Jr., Science 169 (1970):392. Copyright ©1970 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Chapter 18
18.1 Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 18.3 Eric Lam, Naohiro Kato & Michael Lawton. Programmed cell death, mitochondria and the plant hypersensitive response. NATURE, Vol 411, 14 June 2001, fig. 1, p. 849; 18.4a-b, d Robley C. Williams, University of California Berkeley/Biological Photo Service; 18.4c G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; 18.10 all C. Dauguet/Institute Pasteur/Photo Researchers; 18.11a Vincent Yu/Associated Press; 18.11b Dr. Linda Stannard, UCT/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 18.12 left Arden Sherf, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University; 18.12 top right Wayside/Visuals Unlimited; 18.12 bottom right Dennis Mayhew, California Department of Food and Agriculture; 18.17 Dennis Kunkel/Phototake
Chapter 19
19.1 Mark B. Roth and Joseph G. Gall, Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution; 19.2a top S. C. Holt, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio/BPS; 19.2a bottom Courtesy of Victoria Foe; 19.2b Barbara Hamkalo; 19.2c From J. R. Paulsen and U. K. Laemmli, Cell 12 (1977):817-828; 19.2d both G. F. Bahr/AFIP; 19.15 left Associated Press/Wide World Photos; 19.15 right Virginia Walbot, Stanford University; 19.17 O. L. Miller Jr., Department of Biology, University of Virginia
Chapter 20
20.1 Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, from R. F. Service, Science (1998) 282:396-399, with permission from Science; 20.8 Sunshine Dwojak; 20.14 Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, from R. F. Service, Science (1998) 282:396-399, with permission from Science; 20.17 Cellmark Diagnostics, Inc., Germantown, MD; 20.18 PPL Therapeutics
Chapter 21
21.1 Walter Gehring; 21.2.1 left N. A. Callow/NHPA/Photo Researchers; 21.2.1 right Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited; 21.2.2 left Stanton Short/Jackson Laboratory; 21.2.2 middle Dorling Kindersley; 21.2.2 right Luca Comai; 21.3a Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited; 21.3b Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold; 21.08 Richard Olsenius/National Geographic Image Collection; 21.13 both F. R. Turner, Indiana University; 21.14a both Wolfgang Driever; 21.14b both Dr. Ruth Lahmann, The Whitehead Institution; 21.15 J.E. Sulston and H.R. Horvitz, Dev. Biol. 56 (1977):110-156; 21.17 Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited; 21.19 all Development 127, 5245-5252 (2000). Mesenchymal cells engulf and clear apoptotic footplate cells in macrophageless PU.1 null mouse embryos. William Wood, Mark Turmaine, Roberta Weber, Victoria Camp, Richard A. Maki, Scott R. McKercher and Paul Martin; 21.20 Dwight Kuhn; 21.22 both Elliot M. Meyerowitz, Plants Compared to Animals: The Broadest Comparative Study of Development, Science, vol. 295, Feb. 22, 2002, pp.1482-1485, fig. 2
Chapter 22
22.1 Craig Lovell/CORBIS; 22.3 CORBIS; 22.3 insets Dorling Kindersley; 22.4 Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS; 22.5 left ARCHIV/Photo Researchers; 22.5 right National Maritime Museum, London; 22.6 all Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures; 22.8 Dorling Kindersley; 22.9 Steve P. Hopkin/Taxi; 22.10 Jack Wilburn/Earth Scenes/Animals Animals; 22.11a Edward. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences; 22.11b Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 22.15 left Phototake; 22.15 right Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Forlag AB, A Child Is Born, Dell Publishing; 22.17 Tom Van Sant/Geosphere Project, Santa Monica/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 22.18 Department of Library Services/American Museum of Natural History
Chapter 23
23.1 Chip Clark; 23.2 J. Antonovics/Visuals Unlimited; 23.3 top Michio Hosino/Minden Pictures; 23.3 bottom James L. Davis/ProWildlife; 23.6 Eastcott Momatiuk/Stone; 23.8 Kennan Ward/CORBIS ; 23.9a-b H. F. Hijhout; 23.10 map NASA; 23.10 karyotype Janice Britton-Davidian, ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS, Universite Montpellier II. Reprinted by permission from Nature, Vol. 403, 13 January 2000, p. 158. © 2000 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.; 23.10 mice Dorling Kindersley; 23.14 all Alan C. Kamil, George Holmes University; 23.15 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures
Chapter 24
24.1 George Harrison/Grant Heilman Photography; 24.3a left John Shaw/Tom Stack & Associates; 24.3a right Don & Pat Valenti/Tom Stack & Associates; 24.3b top left zefa/Masterfile; 24.3b all others Photodisc; 24.4 top snake Joe McDonald/CORBIS; 24.4 bottom snake Joe McDonald/Bruce Coleman; 24.4 top skunk Roger Barbour; 24.4 bottom skunk Stephen Krasemann/Photo Researchers; 24.4 birds Barbara Gerlach/Tom Stack & Associates; 24.4 top flowers Dennis Johnson, Papilio/CORBIS; 24.4 bottom flowers Mike Zens/CORBIS; 24.4 sea urchins William E. Ferguson; 24.4 salamanders, all Charles W. Brown; 24.4 mule Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography; 24.4 horse Ralph A. Reinhold/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 24.4 donkey Photodisc; 24.4 rice Kazutoshi Okuno, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba; 24.6 CORBIS; 24.6 left inset John Shaw/Bruce Coleman; 24.6 right inset Michael Fogden/Bruce Coleman; 24.10 all Ole Seehausen, University of Leiden; 24.11 Kevin Schafer; 24.12 all Gerald D. Carr; 24.16a Gary Meszaros/Visuals Unlimited; 24.16b Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers; 24.17 Jane Burton/Bruce Coleman
Chapter 25
25.1 John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold; 25.2 left Photodisc Green; 25.2 middle, right Dorling Kindersley; 25.4a Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers; 25.4b Yva Momatiuk/John Eastcott/Minden Pictures; 25.4c Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 25.4d Chip Clark; 25.4e Dr. Martin Lockley, University of Colorado; 25.4f Jeff Daly/Visuals Unlimited; 25.4g F. Latreille/Cerpolex/Cercles Polaires Expeditions; 25.15 student Photodisc Green; 25.15 mushroom, tulip Dorling Kindersley
Chapter 26
26.1 Chip Clark NMNH, artist Peter Sawyer; 26.2 L. K. Broman/Photo Researchers; 26.9 George Luther, University of Delaware Graduate College of Marine Studies; 26.10 F. M. Menger and Kurt Gabrielson, Emory University; 26.13a John Stolz; 26.13b S. M. Awramik, University of California/BPS; 26.13c Mitsuaki Iwago/Minden Pictures; 26.14 Theodore J. Bornhorst, Michigan Technological University; 26.16 Dean Soulia, University of Massachusetts; 26.17 both Shuhai Xiao; 26.18 Sinclair Stammers/SPL/Photo Researchers
Chapter 27
27.1 Jack Dykinga/Stone; 27.2a-b Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; 27.2c Stem Jems/Photo Researchers; 27.3 Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; 27.4 Dr. Immo Rantala/Photo Researchers; 27.5 David Hasty, Fran Heyl Associates; 27.6 J. Adler; 27.7a S. W. Watson. © Journal of Bacteriology, American Society of Microbiology; 27.7b N. J. Lang/University of California/Biological Photo Service; 27.8 Gopal Murti/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 27.9 H. S. Pankratz, T. C. Beaman/Biological Photo Service; 27.10 Sue Barns; 27.11 Dr. Tony Brain/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 27.13.1 L. Evans Roth/ Biological Photo Service; 27.13.2 Yuichi Suwa; 27.13.4 left Phototake; 27.13.4 right Alfred Pasieka/Peter Arnold; 27.13.5 Photo Researchers; 27.13.6 Moredon Animal Health/SPL/Photo Researchers; 27.13.7 CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers; 27.13.8 top Frederick P. Mertz/Visuals Unlimited; 27.13.8 bottom David M. Phillips, Visuals Unlimited; 27.13.9 T. E. Adams/Visuals Unlimited; 27.14 Helen E. Carr/ Biological Photo Service; 27.15 Ken Lucas/Biological Photo Service; 27.16 left Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 27.16 middle David M. Phillips/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27.16 right Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 27.17 Exxon Corporation
Chapter 28
28.1 M. I. Walker/Photo Researchers; 28.2a Eric Grave/Photo Researchers; 28.2b Eric Grave/Phototake; 28.2c M.D. Guiry; 28.2d left Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers; 28.2d right John Walsh; 28.5a Jerome Paulin, Visuals Unlimited; 28.5b David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 28.6 David J. Patterson/micro*scope; 28.7 Oliver Meckes/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 28.8 Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; 28.9 Guy Brugerolle, Universitad Clearmont, Ferrand; 28.10 Virginia Institute of Marine Science; 28.11 Masamichi Aikawa; 28.12 M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; 28.13 R. R. Powers; 28.14 Fred Rhoades/Mycena Consulting; 28.15 Eric Condliffe/Visuals Unlimited; 28.16 Kent Wood/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 28.17 Biological Photo Service; 28.18 Luis A. Solorzano and Warren E. Savary; 28.19 Jeffrey Rotman/Photo Researchers; 28.20a Dorling Kindersley; 28.20b Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 28.20c Michael Yamashita/IPN/Aurora & Quanta Productions; 28.21 J. R. Waaland, University of Washington/Biological Photo Service; 28.22a Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 28.22b Richard Kessel & Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 28.23 Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; 28.24 all Akiro Kihara, Hosei University; 28.25 George Barron; 28.26 R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; 28.27 both Robert Kay, MRC Cambridge; 28.28a D. P. Wilson, Eric & David Hosking/Photo Researchers; 28.28b M.D. Guiry; 28.28c Gary Robinson/Visuals Unlimited; 28.29 Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 28.30a left Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; 28.30a right David J. Patterson/micro*scope; 28.30b David L. Ballantine, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico; 28.30c Laurie Campbell/NHPA; 28.31 W. L. Dentler, University of Kansas
Chaper 29
29.1 Martin Rugner/AGE fotostock; 29.2 S. C. Mueller and R. M. Brown, Jr.; 29.3a Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 29.3b Linda Graham; 29.5.1 left Ed Reschke; 29.5.1 right F. A. L. Clowes; 29.5.3 left Alan S. Heilman; 29.5.3 right Michael Clayton; 29.5.4 Barry Runk/Stan/Grant Heilman Photography; 29.5.5 left Karen Renzaglia, Southern Illinois University; 29.5.5 right Linda Graham; 29.6 Charles H. Wellman; 29.8 Richard Kessel & Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 29.9.1 left Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; 29.9.1 middle Linda Graham; 29.9.1 right The Hidden Forest, hiddenforest.co.nz; 29.9.2 left The Hidden Forest, hiddenforest.co.nz; 29.9.2 right Tony Wharton; Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS; 29.10a Brian Lightfoot/AGE fotostock; 29.10b-c Linda Graham; 29.10d Chris Lisle/CORBIS; 29.14.1 left Jane Grushow/Grant Heilman Photography; 29.14.1 middle Murray Fagg, Australian National Botanic Gardens; 29.14.1 right Helga and Kurt Rasbach; 29.14.2 left Michael Viard/Peter Arnold; 29.14.2 middle Milton Rand/Tom Stack & Associates; 29.14.2 right Barry Runk/Stan/Grant Heilman Photography; 29.15 The Field Museum of Natural History
Chapter 30
30.1 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; 30.4.1 George Loun/Visuals Unlimited; 30.4.2 left Travis Amos, Benjamin Cummings; 30.4.2 right Grant Heilman Photography; 30.4.3 top left Michael and Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 30.4.3 top right Michael Clayton; 30.4.3 bottom left Thomas Schoepke; 30.4.3 bottom right Doug Sokell/Visuals Unlimited; 30.4.4 top left Raymond Gehman/CORBIS; 30.4.4 middle left William Mullins/Photo Researchers; 30.4.4 bottom left David Muench/CORBIS; 30.4.4 bottom right Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 30.4.4 top right Gunter Marx Photography/CORBIS; 30.4.4 middle right Jaime Plaza, Wildlight; 30.4.4 middle inset Jaime Plaza, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney; 30.8a-c, e Dorling Kindersley; 30.8d Bill Steele/Stone; 30.9a C. P. George/Visuals Unlimited; 30.9b Hans Dieter Brandl, Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS; 30.9c Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 30.9c inset Dorling Kindersley; 30.11a David Dilcher and Ge Sun; 30.11b K. Simons and David Dilcher; 30.12.1 top Stephen McCabe; 30.12.1 middle Dorling Kindersley; 30.12.1 bottom Bob & Ann Simpson/Visuals Unlimited; 30.12.3 Andrew Butler/Dorling Kindersley; 30.12.4 top to bottom Eric Crichton/Dorling Kindersley; J.Dransfield; Dorling Kindersley; Terry W. Eggers/CORBIS; 30.12.5 top to bottom Ed Reschke/PeterArnold; Dorling Kindersley; Tony Wharton; Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS; Dorling Kindersley, Gerald D. Carr; 30.13a D. Wilder; 30.13b Connie Toops; 30.13c Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation International; Table 30.1 Dorling Kindersley
Chapter 31
31.1 Barry Runk/Grant Heilman Photography; 31.2 top Hans Reinhard/Taxi; 31.2 middle Fred Rhoades/Mycena Consulting 31.2 bottom Elmer Koneman/Visuals Unlimited; 31.4 George L. Barron; 31.6 left Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; 31.6 right David Scharf/Peter Arnold; 31.7 Stephen J. Kron, University of Chicago; 31.8 Dirk Redecker, Robin Kodner, and Linda E. Graham. Glomalean Fungi from the Ordovician. Science 15 September 2000; 289: 1920-1921; 31.10 left John W. Taylor; 31.10 right William Barstow, Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens; 31.12 bottom left George Barron; 31.12 right Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; 31.12 top left, middle Barry Runk/Stan/Grant Heilman Photography; 31.13 G. L. Barron, University of Guelph/Biological Photo Service; 31.14 Centers for Disease Control; 31.15 M. F. Brown/Biological Photo Service; 31.16a Frank Young/Papilio/CORBIS; 31.16b Viard/Jacana/Photo Researchers; 31.16c David M. Dennis/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 31.16d Matt Springer; 31.17 Fred Spiegel. University of Arkansas; 31.18a Phil Dotson/Photo Researchers; 31.18b Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures; 31.18c Fletcher and Baylis/Photo Researchers; 31.18d Michael Fogden/DRK Photo; 31.19 Rob Simpson/Visuals Unlimited; 31.20 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 31.21 R. Ronacordi/Visuals Unlimited; 31.22 Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures; 31.23a Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 31.23b David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; 31.23c Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited; 31.24 V. Ahmadijian/Visuals Unlimited; 31.25a Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited; 31.25b Dorling Kindersley; 31.25c Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; 31.26 Christine Case; lichen Dr. Jeremy Burgess/The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers
Chapter 32
32.1 Jeff Hunter/The Image Bank; 32.5a The Natural History Museum, London; 32.5b The Natural History Museum/Dorling Kindersley; 32.6 J. Sibbick/The Natural History Museum, London; 32.12 Kent Wood/Photo Researchers; 32.13a Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited
Chapter 33
33.1 C. Wolcott Henry III/National Geographic; 33.3.1 Stephen L. Dellaporta; 33.3.2 Reinhart Møberg Kristensen; 33.3.3 Peter Arnold; 33.3.4 Gregory G. Dimijian/Photo Researchers; 33.3.5 Peter Funch, University of Copenhagen; 33.3.6 Erling Svensen/UW Photo; 33.3.7 Reinhart Møberg Kristensen; 33.3.8 Andrew Syred/SPL/Photo Researchers; 33.3.9 Thomas Strombert; 33.3.10 Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 33.4 Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers; 33.7a Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers; 33.7b Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; 33.7c Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority; 33.7d Neil G. McDaniel/Photo Researchers; 33.8 Robert Brons/Biological Photo Services; 33.9 Garry McCarthy; 33.11 Center for Disease Control; 33.12 Stanley Fleger/Visuals Unlimited; 33.13 W. I. Walker/Photo Researchers; 33.14a Colin Milkins, Oxford Scientific Films/Animals Animals; 33.14b Ron Offermans; 33.14c Fred Bavendam/Peter Arnold; 33.15 Erling Svensen/UW Photo; 33.17 Jeff Foott/Tom Stack and Associates; 33.18a Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 33.18b CORBIS; 33.20 H. W. Pratt/Biological Photo Service; 33.22a Mike Severns/Tom Stack & Associates; 33.22b Robert Pickett/Papilio/Alamy Images; 33.22c Jonathan Blair/CORBIS; 33.23 A.N.T./NHPA; 33.24 Peter Batson/Image Quest Marine; 33.25 Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler/SPL/Photo Researchers; 33.26 Reprinted with permission from A. Eizinger and R. Sommer, Max Planck Institut fur entwicklungsbiologie, Tubingen. ©2000, American Association for the Advancement of Science; 33.27 L. S. Stepanowicz/Photo Researchers; 33.28 Chip Clark; 33.30 MIlton Tierney, Jr./Visuals Unlimited; 33.31a Tim Flach/Stone; 33.31b Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; 33.31c Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold; 33.33 John R. Macgregor/Peter Arnold; 33.34 Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers; 33.36 all John Shaw/Tom Stack and Associates; 33.38a Maximilian Weinzierl/Alamy Images; 33.38b Peter Herring/Image Quest Marine; 33.38c Peter Parks/Image Quest Marine; 33.40a Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; 33.40b Jeff Rotman/Photo Researchers; 33.40c Robert Harding World Imagery/Alamy Images; 33.40d Jurgen Freund/Nature Picture Library; 33.40e Hal Beral/CORBIS; 33.40f Daniel Janies
Chapter 34
34.1 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 34.4a Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; 34.5 Runk Schoenenberg/Grant Heilman Photography; 34.8a Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology and Geology; 34.8b D. G. Shu et al, Nature, vol. 421, 30 Jan. 2003; 34.9 Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers; 34.10 both Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 34.15a Masa Ushioda/Image Quest; 34.15b Jeff Mondragon/Mondragon Photography; 34.15c Masa Ushioda/Image Quest; 34.17a James D. Watt/Image Quest; 34.17b Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; 34.17c Marevision/AGE Fotostock; 34.17d Fred McConnaughey/Photo Researchers; 34.18 Richard Ellis/Photo Researchers; 34.21a Alberto Fernandez/AGE Fotostock; 34.21b-c Michael Fogden/Bruce Coleman; 34.22 all Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold; 34.25 Jessie Cohen, National Zoological Park, © Smithsonian Institution; 34.26 left Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History; 34.26 right John Sibbick/National Geographic Magazine; 34.27a Doug Wechsler; 34.27b Matt Lee; 34.27c Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 34.27d Medford Taylor/National Geographic Image Collection; 34.27e Carl & Ann Purcell/CORBIS; 34.28 Janice Sheldon; 34.29 Stephen J. Kraseman/DRK Photo; 34.30 left Portia Sloan; 34.30 right Xing Xu, Zhonghe Zhou, Xiaolin Wang, Xuewen Kuang, Fucheng Zhang & Xiangke Du. NATURE | VOL 421 | 23 JANUARY 2003. Pages 335-340; 34.32a Russell Mountford/Alamy Images; 34.32b CORBIS; 34.32c Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 34.32d franzfoto.com/Alamy Images; 34.34a Mervyn Griffiths/CSIRO; 34.34a inset D. Parer and E. Parer Cook/Auscape; 34.34b Dan Hadden/Ardea Ltd; 34.34c Matthias Breiter/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 34.37 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 34.39a Kevin Schafer/AGE Fotostock; 34.39b Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 34.40a Morales/AGE Fotostock; 34.40b Anup Shah/ImageState/Alamy Images; 34.40c T. J. Rich/Nature Photo Library; 34.40d E. A. Janes/AGE Fotostock; 34.40e Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 34.42a Cleveland Museum of Natural History; 34.42b John Reader/SPL/Photo Researchers; 34.42c John Gurche; 34.43 left Alan Walker, National Museum of Kenya; 34.43 right Jay Matternes; 34.44 left David L. Brill; 34.44 right Jay Matternes; 34.45 C. Henshilwood & F. d'Errico
Chapter 35
35.3 Robert & Linda Mitchell/Robert & Linda Mitchell Photography; 35.4a James Strawser/Grant Heilman Photography; 35.4b Dorling Kindersley; 35.4c Drew Weiner; 35.4d Robert Holmes/CORBIS; 35.4e Geoff Tompkinson/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 35.5a Dorling Kindersley; 35.5b Gusto Productions/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 35.5c Barry Runk/Stan/Grant Heilman Photography; 35.5d Dorling Kindersley; 35.7a Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 35.7b Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited; 35.7c Mike Zens/CORBIS; 35.7d James Strawser/Grant Heilman Photography; 35.7e Jerome Wexler/Photo Researchers; 35.9.1 Brian Capon; 35.9.2 Graham Kent/Benjamin Cummings; 35.9.3 both Graham Kent/Benjamin Cummings; 35.9.4 Richard Kessel and Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 35.9.5 both Graham Kent/Benjamin Cummings; 35.12 Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 35.13a-b Ed Reschke; 35.13c Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 35.14 Michael Clayton; 35.15 Ed Reschke; 35.16 both Ed Reschke; 35.17b-c Ed Reschke; 35.18 left Michael Clayton; 35.18 right Alison W. Roberts 35.21 Janet Braam, from Cell 60 (9 February 1990) copyright 1990 by Cell Press; 35.23 all Susan Wick, University of Minnesota; 35.24 B. Wells and Kay Roberts; 35.25a-b From figure 1 in B. Scheres et al, Development 121:53-62. © 1995 The Company of Biologists Ltd.; 35.25c From figure 6c in R. Torres Ruiz and G. Jurgens, Development 120:2967-2978. © 1994 The Company of Biologists Ltd.; 35.26 From figure 1a in U. Mayer et al, Development 117 (1): 149-162. © 1993 The Company of Biologists Ltd.; 35.27 both From figure 1 in D. Hareven et al, Cell 84 (5): 735-744. 1996 reprinted with permission of Elsevier Science; 35.28 From figure 2g in Hung et al, Plant Physiology 117:73-84. © 1998 Plant Physiology. Photo courtesy John Schiefelbein/University of Michigan; 35.29 Gerald D. Carr; 35.30 both Elliot M Meyerowitz and John Bowman, Development 112 1991:1-2 31.2
Chapter 36
36.1 Gary Randall/Taxi; 36.7 Nigel Cattlin/Holt Studios International/Photo Researchers; 36.10 Dana Richter/Visuals Unlimited; 36.11 Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 36.14 Jeremy Burgess/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 36.16 John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 36.16 inset Dorling Kindersley; 36.19 all M. H. Zimmerman, courtesy of Professor P. B. Tomlinson, Harvard University
Chapter 37
37.1 Adam Hart-Davis/SPL/Photo Researchers; 37.4 Maurice Reece. From the Country Gentleman, courtesy of the Curtis Publishing Co.; 37.5 U. S. Department of Agriculture; 37.7 White et al, Plant Physiology, June 2003; 37.8 Kevin Horan/Stone; 37.10a Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes; 37.10b E. H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service; 37.12a both Gerald Van Dyke/Visuals Unlimited; 37.12b Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake NYC; 37.13.1 Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; 37.13.2 left to right James Strawser/Grant Heilman Photography; Kevin Schafer/CORBIS; Andrew Syred/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; Gary W. Carter/CORBIS; 37.13.3 left to right Dorling Kindersley; Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; Dorling Kindersley; Paul A. Zahl/Photo Researchers; Fritz Polking/Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS
Chapter 38
38.1 COMPOST/VISAGE/Peter Arnold; 38.3.1 left to right Karen Tweedy-Holmes/CORBIS; Dorling Kindersley; Craig Lovell/CORBIS; John Cancalosi/Nature Photo Library; 38.3.2 left to right D. Cavagnaro/Visuals Unlimited; David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; Marcel E. Dorken (2 photos); 38.4a left Ed Reschke; 38.4a right David Scharf/Peter Arnold; 38.4b Ed Reschke; 38.11 David Cavagnaro/DRK; 38.12a, b Bruce Iverson; 38.13 Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers; 38.14 both Dorling Kindersley; 38.15 Steve Ferreira, University of Hawaii and Dennis Gonsalves, Cornell University, courtesy American Phytopathological Society; 38.16 Peter Berger, Institut für Biologie, Freiburg
Chapter 39
39.1 Malcolm Wilkins, University of Glasgow; 39.2 both Natalie Bronstein; 39.7 both Regulation of Polar Auxin Transport ATPIN1 in Arabidopsis Vascular Tissue," by Leo Galweiler, et al) Science 18 Dec 1998 , vol. 282, pp. 2226-2229; 39.9 both Malcolm Wilkins, University of Glasgow; 39.10 Fred Jensen/Kearney Agricultural Center; 39.12 Karen E. Koch; 39.14a Kurt Stepnitz, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University; 39.14b Joe Kieber, University of North Carolina; 39.16 Ed Reschke; 39.17 all Malcolm Wilkins, University of Glasgow; 39.18 all Malcolm Wilkins, University of Glasgow; 39.21 both Malcolm Wilkins, University of Glasgow; 39.25 all Michael Evans, Ohio State University; 39.26 Janet Braam, from Cell 60 (9 February 1990): cover. © 1990 by Cell Press; 39.27a-b David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; 39.27c From K. Esau, anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley and sons, 1977), fig. 19.4, p. 358; 39.28 J. L. Basq and M. C. Drew
Chapter 40
40.1 Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures; 40.2a Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 40.2b Andrew Sallmon/Mondragon Photography; 40.2c Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures; 40.2d Bill Varie/CORBIS; 40.2e Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures; 40.4 top right D. M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 40.4 left G. Shih-R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited; 40.4 bottom right Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Randy Kardon/Tissues & Organs/Visuals Unlimited; 40.5.1 CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers; 40.5.2 top left Nina Zanetti; 40.5.2 top right Chuck Brown/Photo Researchers; 40.5.2 middle left Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; 40.5.2 middle right Nina Zanetti; 40.5.2 bottom left Nina Zanetti; 40.5.2 bottom right Dr. Gopal Murti/SPL/Photo Researchers; 40.5.3 top to bottom Nina Zanetti; Gladden Willis, M. D./Visuals Unlimited; Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold; Ed Reschke; 40.6 Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Randy Kardon/Tissues & Organs/Visuals Unlimited; 40.8a Robert Full, University of California; 40.8b Yoav Levy/Phototake NY; 40.18 Daniel Lyons/Bruce Coleman; 40.19 Robert Ganz; 40.22 John Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited
Chapter 41
41.1 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 41.2 top left Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 41.2 top right Tom Eisner, Cornell University; 41.2 middle right Lennart Nilsson; 41.2 bottom Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 41.4 Susumu Nishinaga/SPL/Photo Researchers; 41.6 The Jackson Laboratory; 41.7 Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; 41.8 Thomas Mangelsen/Minden Pictures; 41.9 Dagmar Fabricius/Stock Boston; 41.10 both Digital Vision/CORBIS; 41.11 Roland Seitre/Peter Arnold; 41.17 Fred E. Hossler/Visuals Unlimited; 41.18 Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 41.25 Kelley Wise/Vital Imaging; 41.27 both PhotoDisc
Chapter 42
42.1 George Bernard/Animals Animals; 42.2 Norbert Wu/Mo Young Productions; 42.9 Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Randy Kardon/Tissues & Organs/Visuals Unlimited; 42.13 CNRI/Phototake; 42.14 Lennart Nilsson, The Body Victorious, Dell Publishing Company; 42.17 Science Source/Photo Researchers; 42.18a Ed Reschke; 42.18b W. Ober/Visuals Unlimited; 42.20a Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 42.20b Peter Batson/Image Quest Marine; 42.20c H. W. Pratt/Biological Photo Service; 42.20d Dave Haas; 42.22b Thomas Eisner; 42.23 left Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Randy Kardon/Tissues & Organs/Visuals Unlimited; 42.23 right CNRI/ Photo Researchers; 42.25 Hans Rainer Dunker, Justus Leibig University, Giessen; 42.31 Stan Lindstedt
Chapter 43
43.1 Biology Media/Photo Researchers; 43.3 Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; 43.15 David Scharf/Peter Arnold; 43.16 Lennart Nilsson/Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; 43.17 Gopal Murti/Phototake; 43.20 Lennart Nilsson/Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; 43.21 CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers; 43.22 Lennart Nilsson/Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
Chapter 44
44.1 Peter Reese/Nature Photo Library; 44.2 Nigel J. Dennis/NHPA/Photo Researchers; 44.4 both John Crowe; 44.13b Lise Bankir. From Urinary concentrating ability: insights from comparative anatomy, Bankir and de Rouffignac, Am J. Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 1985; 249: 643-666; 44.13d Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Randy Kardon/Tissues & Organs/Visuals Unlimited; 44.17 Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 44.18 kangaroo rat Mary McDonald/Nature Photo Library; 44.18 beaver Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures; 44.18 road runner Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 44.18 iguana Daniel Heuclin/NHPA/Photo Researchers; 44.18 trout Tim Martin/Nature Photo Library; 44.18 frog Laurie Campbell/NHPA/Photo Researchers; 44.18 tuna Juan Carlos Calvin/AGE fotostock
Chapter 45
45.1 Ralph A. Clevenger/CORBIS; 45.5 VVG/SPL/Photo Researchers; 45.10 Custom Medical Stock Photo; 45.14 Photodisc
Chapter 46
46.1 Robin Chittenden/CORBIS; 46.2 David Wrobel, Monterey Bay Aquarium; 46.3 David Crews, photo by P. de Vries; 46.4 Stephan Myers; 46.5 Dwight Kuhn; 46.6 William Ferguson; 46.17 all Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Vorlag AB; 46.21 UHB Trust/Stone
Chapter 47
47.1 Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Vorlag AB; 47.2 Historical Collections, College of Physicians, Philadelphia; 47.4 all Jerry Schatten et al; 47.7a-d George von Dassow; 47.9 both Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 47.11 Charles A Ettensohn, Carnegie Mellon University; 47.14.1 CABISCO/Visuals Unlimited; 47.14.3 Thomas Poole, SUNY Health Science Center; 47.15 Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 47.21 Reproduced form Dr. Jean Paul Thiery Journal of Cell Biology 96 (1983): 462-473; 47.22 both Janet Heasman, University of Minnesota; 47.23 both Hiroki Nishida, Developmental Biology 121 (1987): 526. Reprinted by permission of Academic Press; 47.26a Kathryn Tosney, University of Michigan; 47.27 Courtesy of Dennis Summerbell
Chapter 48
48.1 G. Fesl MD, Dept. of Neuroradiology, LMU Munich, Germany; 48.7 N. Kedersha/Photo Researchers; 48.8 Alan Peters, from Bear, Connors, and Paradiso, Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain © 1996, p. 43; 48.16 E. R Lewis, University of California; 48.29 Marcus Raichle, MD, Washington University School of Medicine; 48.34 Fred H. Gage, The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics; 48.35 Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers
Chapter 49
49.1 Stephen Dalton/NHPA; 49.4 top OSF/Animals Animals; 49.4 bottom R. A. Steinbrecht, Max Planck Institute; 49.5a Joe McDonald/Animals Animals; 49.5b Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 49.7 John L. Pontier/Animals Animals; 49.16 From Richard Elzinga, Fundamentals of Entomology 3 ed. ©1987, p. 185. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ; 49.29 all Dr. H. E Huxley; 49.36 Dave Watts/NHPA/Photo Researchers; 49.37 Vance A. Tucker
Chapter 50
50.1 Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures; 50.2 PhotoDisc; 50.3a Amos Nachoum/The Image Bank; 50.3b Joe McDonald/CORBIS; 50.3c Tom Bean/CORBIS; 50.3d B. Tharp/Photo Researchers; 50.3e Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS; 50.4 Erich Hartmann/Magnum Photos; 50.7 Richard Ditch; 50.9 Hubert Stadler/CORBIS; 50.17.1 left Allen Russell/Index Stock; 50.17.1 right Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 50.17.2 David Muench/CORBIS 50.17.3 left Ron Watts/CORBIS; 50.17.3 right Charles McDowell/Grant Heilman Photography; 50.17.4 James Randklev/The Image Bank; 50.17.5 Stuart Westmorland/CORBIS; 50.17.6 Stuart Westmorland/CORBIS; 50.17.7 Digital Vision; 50.17.8 William Lange/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 50.20.1 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 50.20.2 Joe McDonald/CORBIS; 50.20.3 Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; 50.20.4 John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 50.20.5 Tom Bean/The Image Bank; 50.20.6 Bill Ross/CORBIS; 50.20.7 Kennan Ward/CORBIS; 50.20.8 Darrell Gulin/CORBIS
Chapter 51
51.1 Tim Davis/Stone; 51.2 Anthony Calfo; 51.3 Kim Taylor/Bruce Coleman; 51.6 Operation Migration; 51.8 Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures; 51.10 Robert Pickett/CORBIS; 51.11 Lowell L. Getz and Lisa Davis; 51.13 Therese Markow and Tom Watts; 51.16 Clive Bromhall/OSF/Animals Animals; 51.17a Gary A. Nafis; 51.17b Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 51.24a Thomas Mangelsen/Minden Pictures; 51.24b James H. Robinson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 51.24c Bill Schomoker; 51.25 Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; 51.26 Dorling Kindersley; 51.28 G. S. Wilkinson; 51.29 Michio Hoshino/Minden Pictures; 51.31 Erik Svensson; 51.32 Jennifer Jarvis, University of Cape Town; 51.34 Stephen Kraseman/Peter Arnold; 51.36 main Richard Wrangham, Harvard University; 51.36 inset Alissa Crandall/CORBIS; 51.37 Bob Winsett/Index Stock Imagery
Chapter 52
52.1 Yva Momatiuk, John Eastcott/Minden Pictures; 52.3a Stone; 52.3b Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 52.3c Niall Benvie/CORBIS; 52.6 Tom Bean/CORBIS; 52.7 H. Willcox/Wildlife Pictures/Peter Arnold; 52.8a Jean Louis Batt/Taxi; 52.8b Christine Osborne/CORBIS; 52.16 Adrian Bailey/Aurora Photos; 52.17 Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; 52.21 Joe McDonald/CORBIS
Chapter 53
53.1 Martin Harvey/Peter Arnold; 53.3 left Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers; 53.3 right Kevin de Queiroz, National Museum of Natural History; 53.5 C. Allan Morgan/Peter Arnold; 53.6 Michael & Patricia Fogden/CORBIS; 53.7a Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers; 53.7b Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 53.8a Edward S. Ross; 53.8b Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; 53.9 Michael & Patricia Fogden/CORBIS; 53.10 Peter Johnson/CORBIS; 53.16a Bill Curtsinger/National Geographic Image Collection; 53.18 Darrell Gulin/CORBIS; 53.19 Sally D. Hacker, Oregon State University; 53.21 all Frank Gilliam, Marshall University; 53.22a Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures; 53.22b Scott T. Smith/CORBIS; 53.23 Tom Bean/CORBIS; 53.24a Charles Mauzy/CORBIS; 53.24b Tom Bean/DRK; 53.24c Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
Chapter 54
54.1 Alex Wetmore; 54.3 Fritz Poelking/AGE fotostock; 54.5 C. B. Field, M. J. Behrenfeld, J. T. Randerson, and P. Falkowski. 1998. "Primary production of the bio-sphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components." Science 281:237–240; 54.7 Reprinted with permission from D.W. Schindler, Science 184 (1974): 897, Figure 1.49. ©1974 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 54.15 Thomas Del Brase/Photographer's Choice; 54.19a-b Hubbard Brook Research Foundation; 54.20 Javier Larrea/AGE Fotostock; 54.25 Will Owens Photography; 54.28a-b NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio
Chapter 55
55.1 Wayne Lawler/CORBIS; 55.3a Neil Lucas/Nature Picture Library; 55.3b Mark Carwardine/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold; 55.3c Foead, Yahya & Sumiadi/WWF & BTNUK; 55.4 Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 55.5 Gary Braasch/Woodfin Camp & Associates; 55.6a Michael Fogden/Animals Animals; 55.6b Mark E. Gibson/Visuals Unlimited; 55.7 Richard Vogel/Gamma Liaison/Getty Images; 55.8 Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation International; 55.10 William Ervin/SPL/Photo Researchers; 55.11 Craighead Environmental Research Institute; 55.13a Tim Thompson/CORBIS; 55.13b David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; 55.13c Blanche Haning/The Lamplighter; 55.14a Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS; 55.14b James P. Blair/National Geographic Image Collection; 55.15 Richard O. Bierregaard, Jr.; 55.16 Alan Sirulnikoff/SPL/Photo Researchers; 55.19 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 55.20 Photo by John Parks/WWF with approval from Verata District, Fiji; 55.22.1 left Stewart Rood, University of Lethbridge; 55.22.1 right South Florida Water Management District (WPB); 55.22.2 top left Daniel H. Janzen; 55.22.2 bottom left Bert Boekhoven; 55.22.2 top right Jean Hall/Holt Studios/Photo Researchers; 55.22.2 bottom right Kenji Morita/Environment Division, Tokyo Kyuei Co., Ltd.; 55.24a Serge de Sazo/Photo Researchers; 55.24b Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings