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Chapter Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       Select the hydrocarbon from the following choices. (3.1) [Hint]

 C3H8
 CO2
 C6H12O6
 H2CO3
 CCl2F2
2 .       Which is an organic molecule? (3.1) [Hint]

 Ne
 O2
 CH4
 NaCl
 H2O
3 .       Which element is most particularly associated with organic chemistry? (3.1) [Hint]

 carbon
 sulfur
 nitrogen
 potassium
 oxygen
4 .       Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because _____. (3.1) [Hint]

 carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis
 carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes from the body
 each carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds with a wide variety of bond angles
 carbon can combine with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons
 all of the above
5 .       Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule like citric acid to be acidic? (3.2) [Hint]

 hydroxyl
 hydrocarbon
 amino
 carbonyl
 carboxyl
6 .       Which of these is found in amines? (3.2) [Hint]

 R–COOH
 R–COH
 R–OH
 R–NH2
 R–PO4
7 .       Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence: Hydroxyl is to ____ as ____ is to amine. (3.2) [Hint]

 carbonyl ... carboxyl
 ketone ... amino
 carbon ... nitrogen
 aldehyde ... ketone
 alcohol ... amino
8 .       Although the structures of the functional groups important to life vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____. (3.2) [Hint]

 all contain oxygen
 all have at least one double bond
 cause the carbon to which they are attached to become an asymmetric carbon, and they convert the molecule into an isomer
 all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility
 unite the skeleton into a closed ring
9 .       Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they _____. (3.2) [Hint]

 all share the same functional group: a hydroxyl
 are soluble in water
 are soluble in nonpolar solvents
 all contain a carbonyl group
 increase the acidity of solutions
10 .       The ionized or dissociated carboxyl group may be written as _____. (3.2) [Hint]

 –S -
 –O -
 –COO -
 –NH4 -
 –C=O -
11 .       Choose the pair of terms that complete this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to __________ as __________ is to base. (3.2) [Hint]

 acid ... carbonyl
 base ... carbonyl
 acid ... amino
 base ... amino
 None of these choices is correct.
12 .       What is the process by which cells link monomers together to form polymers? (3.3) [Hint]

 hydrolysis
 monomerization
 protein formation
 coiling
 dehydration synthesis
13 .       In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____. (3.3) [Hint]

 a polymer breaks up to form monomers ... consumed
 a monomer breaks up to form polymers ... produced
 monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... consumed
 monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... produced
 a polymer breaks up to form monomers ... produced
14 .       The four main categories of macromolecules in a cell are _____. (3.3) [Hint]

 proteins, DNA, RNA, and steroids
 monosaccharides, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins
 proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
 nucleic acids, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, and proteins
 RNA, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates.
15 .       Which one of the following molecules is a carbohydrate? (3.4) [Hint]

 C51H98O6
 C45H84O8PN
 C60H100O50
 C22H49O10N5
 C25H43O
16 .       Carbohydrates are mainly used in our bodies _____. (3.4) [Hint]

 for membrane construction
 as structural molecules, such as hair and fingernails
 for building the genetic material
 as fuel
 for lipid storage
17 .       One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____. (3.5) [Hint]

 they are polysaccharides
 they are all monosaccharides
 they are all disaccharides
 they all contain fructose
 they are all indigestible by humans
18 .       Which of these has the highest perceived sweetness? (3.6) [Hint]

 lactose
 glucose
 sucrose
 maltose
 aspartame
19 .       Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____. (3.7) [Hint]

 polypeptide ... monomers
 carbohydrate ... fatty acids
 polymer ... glucose molecules
 protein ... amino acids
 lipid ... triglycerides
20 .       Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? (3.7) [Hint]

 They have to eat a lot of it.
 Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.
 Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes.
 The flat teeth and strong stomach of the herbivores break the cellulose fibers so the cows get enough nutrition from the cell contents.
 All of the above.
21 .       In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy? (3.7) [Hint]

 glycogen
 cellulose
 starch
 protein
 fatty acids
22 .       The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is _____. (3.7) [Hint]

 chitin
 starch
 glucose
 lactose
 ribose
23 .       A polysaccharide that we use for storing energy in our muscles and livers is _____. (3.7) [Hint]

 glucose
 glycogen
 starch
 chitin
 cellulose
24 .       Which one of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates (as a class)? (3.7) [Hint]

 structural support
 energy storage
 energy source
 enzymatic catalysis
 All are carbohydrate functions.
25 .       Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion? (3.7) [Hint]

 sugar (in the dressing)
 oil (in the dressing)
 starch (in the croutons)
 cellulose (in the lettuce)
 protein (in the bacon bits)
26 .       A glucose molecule is to starch as _____. (3.7) [Hint]

 a steroid is to a lipid
 a protein is to an amino acid
 a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide
 a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
 an amino acid is to a nucleic acid
27 .       Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they _____. (3.8) [Hint]

 are much larger
 are not truly polymers
 do not have specific shapes
 do not contain carbon
 contain no nitrogen atoms
28 .       Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water? (3.8) [Hint]

 phospholipids
 hydrophobic
 hydrophilic
 protein
 hydrogen bonded
29 .       Nutritionally, saturated triglycerides are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated. What is one major difference between them? (3.8) [Hint]

 Saturated triglycerides are fats; unsaturated are carbohydrates.
 Saturated triglycerides have more hydrogens than unsaturated.
 Saturated triglycerides have more double bonds than unsaturated.
 Saturated triglycerides are liquid at room temperature.
 All of the above.
30 .       A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____. (3.8) [Hint]

 unsaturated
 cholesterol
 hydrophilic
 dehydrogenase
 saturated
31 .       Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by ___________. (3.8) [Hint]

 adding hydrogens
 adding chemicals to retard spoilage
 chilling and refrigeration
 adding animal fats to them
 inducing the formation of peptide bonds
32 .       Hydrogenated vegetable oils are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they ____ than other plant oils, they can contribute to cardiovascular disease. (3.8) [Hint]

 contain fewer double bonds
 contain more double bonds
 contain more sodium
 are less soluble in water
 contain less hydrogen
33 .       The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____. (3.9) [Hint]

 triglycerides
 proteins
 cholesterol
 carbohydrates
 phospholipids
34 .       Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules? (3.9) [Hint]

 proteins
 amino acids
 lipids
 carbohydrates
 nucleic acids
35 .       Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice? (3.10) [Hint]

 Anabolic steroids inhibit the body's production of normal sex hormones.
 Anabolic steroids can cause mood swings and depression.
 Anabolic steroids can increase cancer risk.
 Anabolic steroids can result in cardiovascular problems.
 All of the above.
36 .       The ovalbumin in egg white can be classified as which type of protein? (3.11) [Hint]

 structural
 transport
 storage
 contractile
 signal
37 .       Protein molecules are polymers of _____. (3.12) [Hint]

 DNA molecules
 chromosomes
 ribosomes
 amino acid molecules
 photosynthesis molecules
38 .       Which of the following do nucleic acids and proteins have in common? (3.12) [Hint]

 They are both made of amino acids.
 Their structures contain sugars.
 They are hydrophobic.
 They are large polymers.
 They each consist of four basic kinds of subunits.
39 .       Which of these is found in amino acids? (3.12) [Hint]

 R–PO4
 R–COH
 R–OH
 R–NH2
 –C=O
40 .       The peptide bond is _____. (3.12) [Hint]

 a hydrogen bond
 an ionic bond
 a covalent bond
 a bond between two monosaccharides
 none of the above
41 .       To what does the term "polypeptide" specifically refer? (3.12) [Hint]

 organic molecules linked by dehydration synthesis
 organic monomers covalently bonded
 amino acids linked by hydrolysis
 carbohydrates with a hydrogen bond holding them together
 none of the above
42 .       Which of the following would probably NOT be affected when a protein is denatured? (3.13) [Hint]

 primary structure
 secondary structure
 hydrogen bonds
 tertiary structure
 All of the above must be affected for the protein to be denatured.
43 .       Enzyme molecules require a specific shape to perform their catalytic function. Which of the following might alter the protein shape? (3.13) [Hint]

 denaturing the protein
 making changes to the concentration of salt in the environment
 heating the protein
 making changes to the pH of the environment
 all of the above
44 .       The "primary structure" of a protein refers to _____. (3.14) [Hint]

 the alpha helix or pleated sheets
 the interactions among the R-groups of the amino acids
 coiling due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids
 the interactions among two or more polypeptides
 the number and sequence of amino acids
45 .       The alpha helix and pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure? (3.14) [Hint]

 primary structure
 secondary structure
 tertiary structure
 quaternary structure
 pentiary structure
46 .       The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide is called the _____. (3.14) [Hint]

 double helix
 primary structure
 secondary structure
 tertiary structure
 quaternary structure
47 .       How does a protein's quaternary structure differ from other levels of protein structure? (3.14) [Hint]

 It involves two or more polypeptide chains.
 It takes the form of an alpha helix.
 It is described by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
 It depends on interactions among a polypeptide's R groups.
 It takes the form of a pleated sheet.
48 .       Based on the way nitrogen bases pair, you would expect the percentage of ___ to be equal to the percentage of ____. (3.16) [Hint]

 A ... T
 A ... G
 T ... G
 A ... C
 T ... C
49 .       How does DNA differ from RNA? (3.16) [Hint]

 DNA is larger.
 One of their nitrogenous bases is different.
 They contain different sugars.
 DNA consists of two strands in a double helix.
 All of the above are differences.
50 .       A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components? (3.16) [Hint]

 a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a pentose sugar
 a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a phosphate group
 a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
 a nitrogenous base, a fatty acid, and an amino acid
 glycerol and fatty acids
51 .       A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____. (3.16) [Hint]

 DNA
 proteins
 cellulose
 fatty acids
 sucrose