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Chapter Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       In an important experiment, radioactively labeled bacteriophages were allowed to infect bacteria. In the first trial, the phages contained radioactive DNA, and radioactivity was detected in the bacteria. Next, other phages containing radioactive protein were allowed to infect bacteria, and radioactivity was not detected in the bacteria. These experiments led to the conclusion that _____. (10.1) [Hint]

 the genes of this phage were made of DNA
 bacteriophages can infect bacteria
 DNA is made of nucleotides
 genes carry information for making proteins
 genes are on chromosomes
2 .       Scientists have discovered how to put together a bacteriophage with the protein coat of phage T2 and the DNA of phage T4. If this composite phage were allowed to infect a bacterium, the phages produced in the host cell would have _____. (10.1) [Hint]

 the protein of T2 and the DNA of T4
 the protein of T4 and the DNA of T2
 a mixture of the DNA and proteins of both phages
 the protein and DNA of T2
 the protein and DNA of T4
3 .       Which one of the following lists the four bases contained in DNA? (10.2) [Hint]

 cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil
 adenine, guanine, uracil, thymine
 guanine, pyroline, thymine, uracil
 adenine, guanine, purine, thymine
 adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
4 .       Which one of the following describes a nucleotide most completely? (10.2) [Hint]

 a sugar and a phosphate group only
 nitrogen base and a sugar only
 nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
 a sugar and a pyrimidine
 a sugar and a purine
5 .       What technique was most helpful to Watson and Crick? (10.3) [Hint]

 radioactive labeling
 X-ray crystallography
 electrophoresis
 cloned DNA
 transgenic animals
6 .       Chargaff found that for DNA _____. (10.3) [Hint]

 the ratio of A to C is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to T is close to 1:1
 the ratio of A to T is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to C is close to 1:1
 the ratio of A to G is close to 1:1 and the ratio of T to C is close to 1:1
 A + T = G + C
 A + G > T + C
7 .       One strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence ATAGGT. The complementary base sequence on the other strand of DNA will be _____. (10.3) [Hint]

 TATCCA
 TGGATA
 TGGAUA
 UAUCCA
 ATAGGT
8 .       The two sugar-phosphate strands of a DNA molecule are joined to each other through _____. (10.3) [Hint]

 5' —> 3' deoxyribose and phosphate bonds
 hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases
 covalent bonds between nitrogen atoms in adenine and in thymine
 covalent bonds between carbon atoms in deoxyribose molecules
 ionic bonds between guanine and cytosine
9 .       Who is generally credited with discovering that the DNA molecule is constructed as a double helix? (10.3) [Hint]

 Jacob and Monod
 Watson and Crick
 Pauling
 Davson and Danieli
 Hershey and Chase
10 .       Which one of the following accurately reflects complementary base pairing in the DNA molecule? (10.3) [Hint]

 guanine–cytosine
 guanine–adenine
 cytosine–thymine
 uracil–thymine
 adenine–cytosine
11 .       Which one of the following is NOT true about double-stranded DNA? (10.3) [Hint]

 It is helical.
 It contains hydrogen bonds.
 The two strands are said to be complementary.
 Adenine and uracil are present in equal amounts.
 The strands run in opposite directions.
12 .       The information in DNA is contained in _____. (10.3) [Hint]

 the variation in the structure of nucleotides that make up the DNA molecule
 the type of sugars used in making the DNA molecule
 the sequence of amino acids that make up the DNA molecule
 the sequence of nucleotides along the length of one strand of the DNA molecule
 all of these
13 .       Which one of the following statements does NOT apply to the Watson-Crick model for DNA? (10.3) [Hint]

 The two strands of the DNA helix run in opposite directions.
 The purines (double rings) base pair with the pyrimidines (single rings).
 The two strands of the helix are held together by covalent bonds.
 The framework of the helix consists of sugar-phosphate units of the nucleotides.
 The nitrogenous bases are attached to the deoxyribose molecules.
14 .       The statement that each new molecule of DNA contains one parental and one newly synthesized strand of DNA refers to _____. (10.4) [Hint]

 the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis
 the de novo synthesis of DNA
 Chargaff's rule about DNA
 a model of DNA replication
 the formation of replication bubbles
15 .       During the replication of DNA molecules _____. (10.5) [Hint]

 both strands of a molecule act as templates
 the reaction is catalyzed by RNA polymerase
 errors never occur
 only one strand of the molecule acts as a template
 the cell undergoes mitosis
16 .       Two new strands of DNA molecules grow as bases are added by the enzyme _____. (10.5) [Hint]

 bacterial duplicating complex
 DNA polymerase
 DNA replicase
 RNA polymerase
 polynucleotidase
17 .       The role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication is to _____. (10.5) [Hint]

 attach free nucleotides to the new strand
 disassemble nucleotides from the original strand to make a new strand
 bind together short strands
 break the hydrogen bonds that hold the nucleotides together
 "unzip" the DNA molecule
18 .       What enzyme joins DNA fragments? (10.5) [Hint]

 DNA polymerase
 DNA ligase
 topoisomerase
 RNA polymerase
 primase
19 .       Monomers for the synthesis of DNA are called _____. (10.5) [Hint]

 amino acids
 fatty acids
 nucleotides
 monosaccharides
 disaccharides
20 .       One strand of DNA has the following sequence of nucleotides: 3'-ATTCGCTAT-5' The base sequence on the other strand of DNA would be _____. (10.5) [Hint]

 5'-ATTCGCTAT-3'
 3'-ATTCGCTAT-5'
 5'-TAAGCGATA-3'
 3'-TAAGCGATA-5'
 5'-GCCTATCGG-3'
21 .       Which description of DNA replication is correct? (10.5) [Hint]

 A polymerase constructs a new strand alongside each old one by pairing complementary nucleotides.
 Ligase assembles single-stranded codons; then polymerase knits these codons together into a DNA strand.
 The two strands of DNA separate, and restriction enzymes cut up one strand. Then polymerase synthesizes two new strands out of the old ones.
 The two strands separate and each one gets a complementary strand of RNA. Then this RNA serves as a template for the assembly of many new strands of DNA.
 None of these is correct.
22 .       A gene is usually _____. (10.6) [Hint]

 the same thing as a chromosome
 the information for making a polypeptide
 made of RNA
 made by a ribosome
 made of protein
23 .       Who of the following formulated the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis? (10.6) [Hint]

 Watson and Crick
 Beadle and Tatum
 Hershey and Chase
 Franklin
 none of the above
24 .       Which one of the following is NOT associated with RNA? (10.7) [Hint]

 a sugar
 thymine
 uracil
 phosphates
 single-strandedness
25 .       When messenger RNA (mRNA) is being made, the RNA base ____ always pairs with the base _____ in DNA. (10.7) [Hint]

 U ... T
 T ... G
 U ... A
 A ... U
 T ... A
26 .       The DNA code is CGT. What messenger RNA is made from this? (10.7) [Hint]

 ATU
 GCA
 TCU
 CTA
 UCG
27 .       Information is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells in the form of _____. (10.7) [Hint]

 proteins
 lipids
 nucleic acids
 carbohydrates
 sterols
28 .       A particular ____ carry the information for making a specific polypeptide, but ____ can be used to make any polypeptide. (10.7) [Hint]

 gene and ribosome ... tRNA and mRNA
 gene and mRNA ... a ribosome and tRNA
 ribosome and mRNA ... a gene and tRNA
 gene and tRNA ... a ribosome and mRNA
 tRNA and ribosome ... a gene and mRNA
29 .       The number of nucleotide bases "read" together on the mRNA to designate each amino acid is __________; this unit is called a __________. (10.7) [Hint]

 2 ... dipeptide
 3 ... triose
 2 ... anticodon
 3... codon
 1 ... amino acid
30 .       Which one of the following statements is true? (10.7) [Hint]

 Each DNA base codes for three amino acids.
 Each gene codes for three proteins.
 It takes three genes to code for one protein.
 Each triplet has many different meanings.
 Each amino acid in a protein is coded for by three bases in the DNA.
31 .       There are six different codons signaling for the placement of the amino acid leucine in a protein. Because of this, we say that the code is _____. (10.8) [Hint]

 inaccurate
 incomplete
 specific
 redundant
 tricky
32 .       During the transcription of a given portion of a DNA molecule _____. (10.9) [Hint]

 mRNA is synthesized on both chains of the DNA molecule at once
 mRNA is synthesized on both chains of the DNA molecule, but first on one side and then the other
 mRNA is synthesized on only one of the chains
 half of the mRNA is synthesized on half of one chain; then the other half of the mRNA is made on the other half of the DNA
 any of the above patterns may be found
33 .       One strand of a DNA molecule has the following sequence: 3'-AGTACAAACTATCCACCGTC-5'. In order for transcription to occur in that strand, there would have to be a specific recognition sequence, called a(n) __________, to the left of the DNA sequence indicated. (10.9) [Hint]

 centromere
 intron
 exon
 AUG codon
 promoter
34 .       At one point as a cell carried out its day-to-day activities, the nucleotides GAT were paired with the nucleotides CUA. This pairing occurred _____. (10.9) [Hint]

 in a double-stranded DNA molecule
 during translation
 during transcription
 when an mRNA codon paired with a tRNA anticodon
 it is impossible to say, given this information
35 .       A terminator in mRNA synthesis is _____. (10.9) [Hint]

 an enzyme whose specific function is to stop synthesis
 a molecule of tRNA that recognizes a stop codon
 a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals a stop
 A character played by Arnold Schwarzenegger
 none of the above
36 .       Which one of the following catalyzes the linkage between nucleotides to form RNA? (10.9) [Hint]

 RNA polymerase
 RNA ligase
 RNA
 reverse transcriptase
 tRNA
37 .       In transcription, _____. (10.9) [Hint]

 the DNA promoter region acts as an initial binding site for RNA polymerase
 only one DNA strand is used as a template for the synthesis of RNA
 RNA nucleotides are used
 all of the above
 none of the above
38 .       What is the proper order of the following events in the expression of a eukaryotic gene?
  1. translation
  2. RNA processing
  3. transcription
    4. (10.10) [Hint]

     1, 2, 3
     3, 2, 1
     2, 3, 1
     2, 3, 1
     1, 2, 3
39 .       A cell biologist found that two different proteins with largely different structures were translated from two different mRNAs. These mRNAs, however, were transcribed from the same gene in the cell nucleus. Which mechanism below could best account for this? (10.10) [Hint]

 Different systems of DNA unpacking could result in two different mRNAs.
 A mutation might have altered the gene.
 Exons from the same gene could be spliced in different ways to make different mRNAs.
 The gene could be transcribed in different directions.
 The two proteins have different functions in the cell.
40 .       Usually, in eukaryotic genes _____. (10.10) [Hint]

 exons are not transcribed
 introns are not transcribed
 exons are transcribed, but the RNA transcribed from introns does not leave the nucleus
 both introns and exons are transcribed, but the RNA transcribed from introns does not leave the nucleus
 exons and introns are transcribed, and the RNA transcribed from them leaves the nucleus
41 .       Which one of the following statements correctly describes mRNA processing in eukaryotes? (10.10) [Hint]

 Introns are cut out and the resulting exons are spliced together.
 Exons are cut out and the introns are spliced together.
 Introns are cut out and spliced together at the end of the mRNA.
 Exons are cut out and transported to smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
 Introns are cut out and transported to the ribosomes.
42 .       A base-substitution mutation in a germ cell line is likely to have NO effect on phenotype if the substitution _____. (10.10) [Hint]

 forms a new stop codon
 occurs in an intron
 changes a stop codon to a codon specifying an amino acid
 substantially changes the structure of an enzyme
 prevents the initiation of transcription of the DNA sequence that codes for ATP synthase
43 .       In a eukaryotic cell, transcription takes place _____. (10.10) [Hint]

 on the cell membrane
 in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
 in the cytoplasm
 on free ribosomes
 in the nucleus
44 .       The function of tRNA during protein synthesis is to _____. (10.11) [Hint]

 deliver amino acids to their proper site during protein synthesis
 guide ribosome subunits out of the nucleus through nuclear pores
 attach mRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome
 process mRNA
 transcribe mRNA
45 .       The nucleotide sequence of a DNA codon is GTA. A messenger RNA molecule with a complementary codon is transcribed from the DNA. In the process of protein synthesis, a transfer RNA pairs with the mRNA codon. What is the nucleotide sequence of the tRNA anticodon? (10.11) [Hint]

 CAT
 CUT
 GUA
 CAU
 GTA
46 .       The bonds that hold tRNA molecules in the correct three-dimensional shape are _____. (10.11) [Hint]

 peptide linkages
 hydrophobic interactions
 covalent bonds
 ionic bonds
 hydrogen bonds
47 .       During translation in a eukaryotic cell _____. (10.12) [Hint]

 ribosomes move into the nucleus
 tRNA carries amino acid molecules to the nucleus, where they are added to a growing polypeptide chain
 polypeptides are synthesized at ribosomes, according to instructions carried by mRNA
 mRNA is synthesized by the bonding of free nucleotides to the bases on the template strand of DNA
 French cells are able to speak to German cells
48 .       The P site of a ribosome does which one of the following? (10.12) [Hint]

 It holds the tRNA that is carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain.
 It holds the growing polypeptide chain.
 It helps "unzip" DNA during transcription.
 It catalyzes the addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain of adjacent amino acids.
 It recognizes the promoter during transcription initiation.
49 .       Which one of the following processes does NOT take place in the nucleus? (10.12) [Hint]

 replication of DNA
 translation
 assembly of ribosomal subunits
 removal of introns from RNA
 transcription
50 .       The first amino acid inserted into a new polypeptide chain in eukaryotic cells is always _____. (10.13) [Hint]

 glycine
 serine
 methionine
 tryptophan
 alanine
51 .       During translation, amino acid chain elongation occurs until _____. (10.14) [Hint]

 no further amino acids are needed by the cell
 all tRNAs are empty
 the polypeptide is long enough
 the ribosome encounters "stop" codons
 the ribosome runs off the end of the mRNA strand
52 .       A virus infects a cell and randomly inserts many short segments of DNA containing a stop codon throughout the organism's chromosomes. This will probably cause _____. (10.14) [Hint]

 manufactured proteins to be short and defective
 the DNA to break up into thousands of short segments
 incorrect pairing between mRNA codons and amino acids
 no bad effects, as long as the stop codons are not also inserted into tRNA
 all of the above
53 .       During the process of translation, ____ matches an mRNA codon with the proper amino acid. (10.14) [Hint]

 a ribosome
 DNA polymerase
 GTP
 transfer RNA
 messenger RNA
54 .       A sequence of pictures of polypeptide synthesis shows a ribosome holding two transfer RNAs. One tRNA has a polypeptide chain attached to it; the other tRNA has a single amino acid attached to it. What does the next picture show? (10.14) [Hint]

 The polypeptide chain moves over and bonds to the single amino acid.
 The tRNA with the single amino acid leaves the ribosome.
 The amino acid moves over and bonds to the polypeptide chain.
 The tRNA with the polypeptide chain leaves the ribosome.
 A third tRNA with an amino acid joins the pair on the ribosome.
55 .       Which brief outline of protein synthesis is correct? (10.15) [Hint]

 DNA leaves the nucleus, goes to a ribosome, and catalyzes the polymerization of amino acids in a protein.
 DNA exchanges its thymine units with uracil in polymerase. This activates polymerase, and it starts joining amino acids together.
 Transfer RNAs line up on a ribosome, and amino acids bind to them with hydrogen bonds.
 Messenger RNA is made on a DNA template, and then amino-acid-bearing transfer RNAs line up on it in through codon-anticodon pairing.
 None of the above.
56 .       Mutations are _________. (10.16) [Hint]

 changes in the composition of a DNA molecule
 changes in genes that ultimately cause genetic diversity
 the source of new alleles
 chemical changes in the genetic material
 all of the above
57 .       A geneticist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the polypeptide encoded by a gene. This mutation probably involved _____. (10.16) [Hint]

 deletion of one nucleotide
 alteration of the start codon
 insertion of one nucleotide
 deletion of the entire gene
 substitution of one nucleotide
58 .       Imagine an error occurring during DNA replication in a cell, so that where there is supposed to be a T in one of the genes, there is instead a G. What effect will this probably have on the cell? (10.16) [Hint]

 Each of its kinds of proteins will contain an incorrect amino acid.
 An amino acid will be missing from each of its kinds of proteins.
 One of its kinds of proteins might contain an incorrect amino acid.
 An amino acid will be missing from one of its kinds of proteins.
 The amino acid sequence of one of its kinds of proteins will be completely changed.
59 .       Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is damaging because it ____________. (10.16) [Hint]

 prevents DNA transcription
 prevents DNA translation
 causes mutations in the DNA
 deactivates the enzymes needed for DNA replication
 inhibits protein synthesis
60 .       Genetic mutations _____. (10.16) [Hint]

 can occur naturally
 are most common in body parts that are not used very often
 are most common in body parts that are used frequently
 are mainly caused by diseases associated with fetal development
 are always passed on to the next generation
61 .       When a bacteriophage infects an E. coli cell, what part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm? (10.17) [Hint]

 the whole phage
 only nucleic acid
 the coat and its enclosed nucleic acid
 the cell wall
 the membranous envelope
62 .       The phage reproductive cycle that kills the bacterial host cell is a _____ cycle. (10.17) [Hint]

 lytic
 replicative
 lysogenic
 transcriptional
 translational
63 .       A prophage is a(n) _____. (10.17) [Hint]

 emerging virus
 virus that infects bacteria
 type of retrovirus
 prion that has been integrated into a bacterial cell's chromosome
 viral genetic material that has been incorporated into a bacterial cell's chromosome
64 .       In the lytic life cycle of phages _____. (10.17) [Hint]

 the nucleic acid of the phage is all that enters the host cell
 the viral coat is assembled according to the genetic information of the bacterium
 the entire phage is taken into the bacterium
 DNA replication is not part of the life cycle
 phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome
65 .       In the lysogenic cycle of phages _____. (10.17) [Hint]

 the nucleic acid of the phage is all that enters the host cell
 the viral coat is assembled according to the genetic information of the viral nucleic acid
 the viral nucleic acid can insert itself into the host chromosome
 the viral nucleic acid is replicated with the host DNA
 all of the above
66 .       A microbiologist analyzed chemicals obtained from an enveloped RNA virus—similar to a mumps virus—that infects monkeys. He found that the viral envelope contained a protein characteristic of monkey cells. Which of the following is the most likely explanation? (10.18) [Hint]

 The virus gets an envelope when it leaves the host cell.
 The virus forced the monkey cell to make proteins for its envelope.
 The virus is a prophage.
 Its presence is a result of the monkey's immunological response.
 The virus fools its host by mimicking its proteins.
67 .       Which of these is classified as an emerging virus that can have a direct impact on human health? (10.20) [Hint]

 lambda
 tobacco mosaic virus
 pneumonia
 Ebola
 T2
68 .       How do retroviruses such as HIV differ from other viruses? (10.21) [Hint]

 They have much simpler reproductive cycles than other RNA viruses.
 They contain DNA that is used as a template to make RNA.
 They can reproduce only inside living cells.
 They contain nucleic acids that code for proteins.
 They contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
69 .       Reverse transcription, carried out by retroviruses, is the process by which _____. (10.21) [Hint]

 DNA information is copied into RNA
 RNA information is copied into DNA
 RNA information is "read" to form a protein molecule
 DNA is duplicated
 information is copied from a protein molecule into RNA