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Chapter Chapter 11: The Control of Gene Expression
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       In general, the lactose operon __________. (11.1) [Hint]

 continuously produces the enzymes for lactose utilization until all of the lactose is used up
 is transcribed only in the presence of lactose
 is transcribed when lactose binds to the lactose repressor protein
 is unable to be transcribed if only the lactose repressor is present
 all of the above
2 .       In prokaryotes, a group of genes with related functions is called __________. (11.1) [Hint]

 an operon
 constitutive
 a repressor
 an activator
 RNA polymerase
3 .       The promoter of an operon _____. (11.1) [Hint]

 is where an RNA polymerase first binds
 is where a DNA polymerase first binds
 is a site of termination of RNA synthesis
 is a site of termination of protein synthesis
 codes for enzymes
4 .       Operons function in prokaryotes to _____. (11.1) [Hint]

 regulate the catalytic activities of specific proteins
 regulate the rate of transcription
 phosphorylate specific polypeptide chains
 degrade proteins
 none of the above
5 .       You have inserted the gene for human growth factor into the E. coli lactose operon, replacing the structural genes with the gene for human growth factor. What substance must you add to your culture of bacteria to cause them to produce human growth factor for you? (11.1) [Hint]

 repressor protein
 operator protein
 human growth factor
 lactose
 any of the above substances will work
6 .       The lactose operon (lac operon) in the bacterium E. coli is turned on in the presence of _____. (11.1) [Hint]

 glucose
 lactose
 sucrose
 fructose
 galactose
7 .       When a certain bacterium encounters the antibiotic tetracycline, the antibiotic molecule enters the cell and attaches to a repressor protein. This keeps the repressor from binding to the bacterial chromosome, allowing a set of genes to be transcribed. The transcription of the genes is under the control of a(n) _____. (11.1) [Hint]

 exon
 promoter
 operon
 homeobox
 nucleosome
8 .       A bacterium can make the amino acid glycine or absorb it from its surroundings. A biochemist found that glycine binds to a repressor protein and causes the repressor to bind to the bacterial chromosome, turning off an operon. If it is like other operons, the presence of glycine will result in the _____. (11.1) [Hint]

 inhibition of bacterial cell division
 breakdown of glycine
 cessation of the synthesis of glycine
 formation of sex pili
 manufacture of the repressor protein
9 .       Operons _____. (11.1) [Hint]

 function in frequently changing environments
 function at the translation level of regulation
 correct mutations that might interfere with their genetic instructions
 degrade and recycle protein
 mutate and evolve more rapidly than other DNA sequences
10 .       The control of gene expression is more complex in multicellular eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because _____. (11.2) [Hint]

 eukaryotic cells are much smaller
 in a multicellular eukaryote, different cells are specialized for different functions
 prokaryotes are restricted to stable environments
 eukaryotic chromosomes have fewer nucleotides, so each nucleotide sequence must do several jobs
 the genes of eukaryotes provide information for making proteins
11 .       The process by which cells become specialized is called __________. (11.2) [Hint]

 apoptosis
 signal transduction
 divergence
 differentiation
 alternate RNA splicing
12 .       Your muscle and bone cells are different because _____. (11.2) [Hint]

 they contain different sets of genes
 they are differentiated
 they contain different operons
 different genes are switched on and off in each type of cell
 they contain different histones
13 .       Experiments involving _____ have demonstrated that differentiated cells contain all of the genetic information found in undifferentiated cells. (11.3) [Hint]

 alternative RNA splicing
 operons
 RNA polymerase
 signal-transduction pathways
 nuclear transplantation
14 .       In frogs, when the nucleus of an intestinal cell of a tadpole is transferred to an egg whose nucleus has been removed (nuclear transplantation), some of the eggs will develop into normal tadpoles. This demonstrates _____. (11.3) [Hint]

 that frogs have meristematic cells
 that intestinal cells are not differentiated
 that these cells have retained all of their genetic potential
 that frogs have large eggs
 that these cells could not dedifferentiate
15 .       In eukaryotes, DNA packing seems to affect gene expression primarily by _____. (11.4) [Hint]

 controlling access to DNA
 positioning related genes near each other
 protecting DNA from mutations
 enhancing the recombination of genes
 allowing unpacked genes to be eliminated from the genome
16 .       In eukaryotes, the structures consisting of associations of histones and DNA are called _____. (11.4) [Hint]

 histosomes
 nucleosomes
 ribosomes
 genetosomes
 dinasomes
17 .       One of the functions of nucleosomes, structures in the nucleus, is to _____. (11.4) [Hint]

 bind to and help process mRNA after it has been synthesized
 plug the nuclear pores except when specifically recognized molecules pass through
 wrap the DNA to organize it and make it more compact so that a large amount of DNA can fit into a cell nucleus
 synthesize ribosomes
 do all of these
18 .       A genetic defect in humans results in the absence of sweat glands in the skin. Some men have this defect all over their bodies, but in women it is usually expressed in a peculiar way: A woman with this defect typically has small patches of skin with sweat glands and other patches without sweat glands. In women, the pattern of sweat-gland distribution can best be explained by _____. (11.5) [Hint]

 a mutation
 X-chromosome inactivation
 alternate RNA splicing
 an operon
 a homeotic gene
19 .       Dioxin, produced as a by-product of various industrial chemical processes, is suspected of causing cancer and birth defects in animals and humans. It apparently acts by entering cells and binding to proteins, altering the pattern of gene expression. Therefore, dioxin acts by mimicking the action of _____. (11.6) [Hint]

 proteins of the mitochondria
 DNA polymerase
 transcription factors
 enhancers
 histones
20 .       In a eukaryote, a repressor protein may block gene expression by binding to a DNA site called a(n) _____. (11.6) [Hint]

 operon
 histone
 enhancer
 promoter
 silencer
21 .       Gene expression in eukaryotes seems to be regulated largely by _____. (11.6) [Hint]

 controlling gene packing and unpacking
 controlling the transcription of genes
 controlling the translation of mRNA into protein
 transcription factors encoded for by mitochondrial DNA
 selectively breaking down certain proteins so they cannot function
22 .       Which of the following is true of gene regulation in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (11.6) [Hint]

 elaborate packing of DNA in chromosomes
 transcription is the usual point at which gene expression is regulated
 the addition of a cap and a tail to mRNA
 lac and trp operons
 the removal of noncoding portions of RNA in the making of mRNA
23 .       Enhancers __________. (11.6) [Hint]

 increase the rate of transcription
 are found in eukaryotic DNA sequences
 may be located on either side of the gene they help regulate
 may be located at a considerable distance from the promoter
 all of the above
24 .       Regions of noncoding DNA within a gene are called _____. (11.7) [Hint]

 introns
 exons
 redundant coding sections
 oncogenes
 transcription factors
25 .       Following transcription, mechanisms that regulate gene expression may include the __________. (11.8) [Hint]

 initiation of translation
 breakdown of RNA
 activation of a protein
 initiation of translation and activation of a protein
 initiation of translation, breakdown of RNA, and activation of a protein
26 .       It is possible for a cell to make proteins that last for months; hemoglobin in red blood cells is a good example. However, many proteins are not this long-lasting. They may be degraded in days or even hours. Why do cells make proteins with such a short life? (11.8) [Hint]

 Most proteins are used only once.
 Most cells in the body live only a few days.
 Cells lack the raw materials to make most of the proteins they need.
 Only cancer cells, which can keep dividing, contain long-lasting proteins.
 This enables cells to control the amount of protein present.
27 .       Which one of the following is NOT a means (or level) of controlling eukaryotic gene expression? (11.8) [Hint]

 DNA packing
 transcriptional regulation
 mRNA processing
 requiring many protein factors in transcription
 all of the above play a role in the regulation of gene expression
28 .       Why, of all cell types, do embryonic stem (ES) cells have greatest potential for use in the treatment of disease? (11.12) [Hint]

 They are impervious to carcinogens.
 They are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into all of the different specialized cells of the body.
 They are larger and thus easier to work with than other cells.
 They are the most highly differentiated of all cell types.
 It is adult stem cells, not embryonic stem cells, that have the greatest potential for the treatment of disease.
29 .       A homeotic gene does which of the following? (11.13) [Hint]

 It serves as the ultimate control for the establishment of a head-to-tail axis.
 It regulates the expression of groups of other genes during development.
 It represses the histone proteins that package eukaryotic DNA.
 It helps splice mRNA after transcription.
 It inactivates one of the X chromosomes in a female mammal.
30 .       An animal's head-to-tail axis is established by _____ (11.13) [Hint]

 sperm cell mRNA
 proto-oncogenes
 egg cell mRNA
 tumor-suppressor genes
 homeotic genes
31 .       The cellular response of a signal-transduction pathway that activates a transcription factor would be _____. (11.14) [Hint]

 the synthesis of mRNA
 the activation of an inactive enzyme
 alteration of the cytoskeleton
 a change in the chemical composition of the cytosolic environment
 the activation of a metabolic pathway
32 .       The region of homeotic genes that is virtually identical in every eukaryotic organism is the _____. (11.15) [Hint]

 homeobox
 operon
 enhancer
 polypeptide
 promoters
33 .       The similarity of the homeobox in many different kinds of organisms is evidence _____. (11.15) [Hint]

 of convergent evolution
 of analogy
 that it is not responsive to natural selection
 of its recent origin
 of the common ancestry of different life forms
34 .       Which one of the following best describes cancer cells? (11.16) [Hint]

 Proto-oncogenes control their cell division.
 They will divide 20 to 50 times and then stop.
 They are more highly differentiated than normal cells.
 Normal controls over cell division have been altered.
 None of the above.
35 .       The effect of oncogenes in human cells is __________. (11.16) [Hint]

 to stimulate cell division
 to slow cell division
 to suppress tumors
 fewer cancers
 the repair of mutations so that cancers do not occur
36 .       Which of these genes inhibit cell division? (11.16) [Hint]

 homeotic genes
 proto-oncogenes
 operon genes
 tumor-suppressor gene
 nucleosomes
37 .       A cancer cell _____. (11.16) [Hint]

 is typically more than 10 times as large as a normal cell
 usually does not contain a nucleus
 does not respond to the signals that control cell division
 uses fewer nutrients than a normal cell
 is correctly described by all of the above
38 .       Most human cancers are __________. (11.18) [Hint]

 caused by the accumulation of mutations
 caused by viruses
 inherited from one parent, like an autosomal dominant
 inherited from both parents, like an autosomal recessive
 caused by radiation
39 .       In humans, most cancers are caused by _____. (11.20) [Hint]

 tobacco
 vitamin E
 X-rays
 dietary fat
 UV radiation
40 .       _____ is the leading cause of death in the United States. (11.20) [Hint]

 Cancer
 AIDS
 Heart disease
 Homicide
 Suicide