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Chapter Chapter 17: Plants, Fungi, and Colonization of Land
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is a mycorrhiza, which ____________. (17.0) [Hint]

 helps plants take up nutrients and water
 causes the decay of cellulose and lignin
 controls soil nematodes
 sickens herbivores that attempt to feed on plants
 all of above
2 .       Which of the following is NOT a difference between algae and plants? (17.1) [Hint]

 Plant cells have rigid cellulose walls, and algal cells do not.
 Algae lack the discrete organs (leaves, stems, roots) characteristic of plants.
 Plants have a waxy, waterproof cuticle, and algae do not.
 Plant zygotes and embryos are protected in moist chambers, whereas those of algae are not.
 Plants have xylem and phloem, and algae do not.
3 .       Gametangia are__________. (17.1) [Hint]

 gamete-producing cells that also protect the developing zygote
 the site of development of the fertilized egg in algae
 the site of gamete fertilization in all fungi
 responsible for the plant's ability to retain moisture in arid environments
 multicellular in algae, single-celled in most plants
4 .       What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? (17.1) [Hint]

 stomata
 cuticles
 gametangia
 chloroplasts
 gymnosperms
5 .       Vascular tissues of plants include __________. (17.1) [Hint]

 xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules
 xylem for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting water and minerals
 lignin for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting sugars
 phloem for conducting water and minerals, and lignin for conducing organic molecules
 cuticles for conducting water, and phloem for conducting organic molecules
6 .       Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and stomata)? (17.1) [Hint]

 mosses
 ferns
 angiosperms
 gymnosperms
 brown algae
7 .       Land plants as a group probably share a common ancestor with _____. (17.2) [Hint]

 charophyceans
 bryophytes
 mosses
 brown algae
 ferns
8 .       Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________. (17.3) [Hint]

 bryophytes
 gymnosperms
 fiddleheads
 stomata
 charophyceans
9 .       Bryophytes are small because __________. (17.3) [Hint]

 they lack vascular tissue
 they evolved in cold climates
 they live in the desert
 they live in areas of limited nutrients
 they reproduce by spores
10 .       Seedless plants include __________. (17.3) [Hint]

 bryophytes and ferns
 only nonvascular plants
 bryophytes and gymnosperms
 mosses and angiosperms
 all of the above
11 .       In ferns, the leaves are called _____. (17.3) [Hint]

 fronds
 sori
 gametangia
 rhizomes
 sporangia
12 .       Mosses do not have "true leaves" because their leaflike structures lack _____. (17.3) [Hint]

 chlorophyll
 chloroplasts
 cellulose in their cell walls
 starch in their chloroplasts
 vascular tissues
13 .       All gametophytes are _____. (17.4) [Hint]

 single-celled
 haploid
 diploid
 female, but not male, reproductive structures
 a myth dreamed up by biology professors to confuse undergraduates
14 .       Which of the following produce eggs and sperm? (17.4) [Hint]

 the fruiting bodies of a fungus
 fern sporophytes
 moss gametophytes
 moss sporangia
 the anthers of a flower
15 .       Alternation of generations _____. (17.4) [Hint]

 is unique to plants
 consists of a diploid gametophyte stage alternating with a haploid sporophyte stage
 in extant plants cycles between stages with similar appearance
 is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
 none of the above
16 .       Plants undergo alternation of generations in which _____. (17.4) [Hint]

 the sporophyte generation alternates with the gametophyte generation
 the vascular generation alternates with the nonvascular generation
 male plants alternate with female plants
 male gametes alternate with female gametes
 all of these occur
17 .       The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____. (17.5) [Hint]

 freedom from the need for water to reproduce
 flowers
 chlorophyll
 vascular tissue
 the retention of the embryo on the parent plant
18 .       The gametophyte generation of a moss _____, (17.5) [Hint]

 produces spores
 is dependent on the sporophyte
 is rarely encountered, compared with the sporophyte
 is haploid
 has phloem but lacks xylem
19 .       How are gametes produced by bryophytes? (17.5) [Hint]

 by mitosis of gametophyte cells
 by mitosis of spores
 by meiosis of spores
 by meiosis of sporophyte cells
 by meiosis of gametophyte cells
20 .       Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____. (17.5) [Hint]

 their pollen is carried by water
 they lack cuticles and stomata
 their seeds do not store much water
 they have swimming sperm
 they lack vascular tissue
21 .       When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _____. (17.5) [Hint]

 structure that results directly from a fertilized egg
 sporophyte generation
 gametophyte generation
 spore-producing structure
 structure where meiosis occurs
22 .       Strolling through the woods, you would be least likely to notice which of the following? (17.6) [Hint]

 a fern sporophyte
 a fern gametophyte
 a moss gametophyte
 an angiosperm sporophyte
 the dikaryotic stage of a fungus
23 .       A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____. (17.6) [Hint]

 an independent gametophyte
 an independent sporophyte
 produces spores by meiosis
 swimming sperm
 haploid spores
24 .       Fern spores are __________, and the familiar, "leafy" fern plant itself is __________. (17.6) [Hint]

 haploid ... haploid
 haploid ... diploid
 diploid ... haploid
 diploid ... diploid
 none of the above
25 .       Both mosses and ferns possess _____. (17.6) [Hint]

 a free-living sporophyte
 a free-living gametophyte
 a gametophyte that is dependent on the sporophyte
 a sporophyte that is dependent on the gametophyte
 none of the above
26 .       To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____. (17.6) [Hint]

 spores
 fiddleheads
 the sporangia
 hyphae
 anthers
27 .       Fern gametophytes are _____. (17.6) [Hint]

 part of the asexual life cycle
 produced from haploid gametes
 photosynthetic diploid organisms
 free-living, multicellular organisms
 found on the underside of fern leaves (fronds)
28 .       During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of ____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. (17.7) [Hint]

 early angiosperms
 ferns and other seedless plants
 giant mosses
 gymnosperms
 gymnosperms and early angiosperms
29 .       The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. (17.8) [Hint]

 produces spores
 is called the gametophyte
 is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage
 develops from a spore
 produces eggs and sperm
30 .       Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have _____. (17.8) [Hint]

 pollen
 seeds
 ovules
 pollen and seeds
 pollen, seeds, and ovules
31 .       An explorer found a plant that had roots, stems, and leaves. It had no flowers but produced seeds. This plant sounds like a(n) _____. (17.8) [Hint]

 fern
 bryophyte
 angiosperm
 moss
 gymnosperm
32 .       Which of the following best describes how fertilization occurs in a conifer? (17.8) [Hint]

 A sperm cell swims through a film of moisture to fertilize the egg.
 A pollen grain carried by wind fertilizes the egg.
 A pollen grain carried by wind carries a sperm that fertilizes the egg.
 A sperm cell carried by wind fertilizes the egg.
 A pollen grain swims through a film of moisture to fertilize the egg.
33 .       The male gametophyte in pine is commonly known as _____. (17.8) [Hint]

 the ovule
 the seed
 the fruit
 pollen
 wood
34 .       Pollen is __________ and contains __________. (17.8) [Hint]

 diploid ... spores
 diploid ... sperm nuclei
 haploid ... spores
 haploid ... sperm nuclei
 diploid ... a new sporophyte
35 .       The evolutionary advance that made possible the colonization of dry environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. (17.8) [Hint]

 ovules
 pollen
 the production of separate male and female spores
 sporophytes
 cones
36 .       In a pine, the embryo develops within the _____. (17.8) [Hint]

 female gametophyte
 male gametophyte
 manogametophyte
 pollen grain
 male cone
37 .       Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but not of seedless plants? (17.8) [Hint]

 The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.
 The sporophyte is large, and the gametophyte is small and independent.
 The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
 The spore is the main means of dispersing the offspring.
 Ferns are a type of seed plant.
38 .       Male floral parts include __________. (17.9) [Hint]

 stamens
 stigma, style, and ovary
 stamens and carpels
 stigmas and anthers
 stiles and ovaries
39 .       The "female" structures of angiosperms are called __________, and they produce __________. (17.9) [Hint]

 sepals ... ovules
 carpels ... ovules
 anthers ... sperm
 anthers ... pollen
 anthers ... ovules
40 .       The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the __________. (17.9) [Hint]

 flower
 gymnosperm
 sporophyte
 gametophyte
 germinated pollen grain
41 .       The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________. (17.9) [Hint]

 presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
 presence or absence of vascular structures
 presence or absence of alternation of generations
 dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation
 production of two different types of spores
42 .       Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? (17.9) [Hint]

 ovaries
 petals
 anthers
 carpels
 stamens
43 .       In a flowering plant, meiosis occurs within the _____, producing a spore that develops into a female gametophyte. (17.10) [Hint]

 fruit
 seed
 stamen
 anther
 ovule
44 .       All of the following are true about angiosperm spores EXCEPT _____. (17.10) [Hint]

 the spores are haploid
 the spores are either female or male
 the spores are part of the asexual reproductive cycle
 the spores are produced by meiosis
 the spores are unicellular
45 .       After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit. (17.10) [Hint]

 ovule ... ovary
 pollen grain ... ovule
 ovary ... ovule
 egg ... ovule
 egg ... ovary
46 .       Which evolutionary advance gave the gymnosperms an adaptive advantage at the time they were evolving? (17.10) [Hint]

 cuticle
 seed
 fruit
 leaf
 vascular tissue
47 .       All seed plants ____________. (17.10) [Hint]

 produce flowers
 produce separate female and male spores
 produce eggs and sperm on the same gametophyte
 exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation
 are nonvascular
48 .       In the process of pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____. (17.10) [Hint]

 ovary ... anther
 stigma ... ovary
 anther ... sepal
 carpel ... stigma
 anther ... stigma
49 .       A pea pod is formed from ____. A pea inside the pod is formed from ____. (17.10) [Hint]

 an ovule ... a carpel
 an ovary ... an ovule
 an ovary ... a pollen grain
 an anther ... an ovule
 endosperm ... an ovary
50 .       A fruit is a ripened _____. (17.11) [Hint]

 seed
 pollen grain
 bulb
 ovary
 anther
51 .       Which one of the following best describes the function of fruits? (17.11) [Hint]

 to protect and disperse the seeds
 to reward pollinators
 to compete with other plants for predators
 to store food for the plant to use over the winter
 to distract herbivores from eating the leaves
52 .       Most of the seeds used for human consumption come from __________. (17.12) [Hint]

 angiosperms
 gymnosperms
 bryophytes
 ferns
 charophyceans
53 .       Human survival literally depends on the produce from __________. (17.12) [Hint]

 angiosperms
 gymnosperms
 charophyceans
 mosses
 pines
54 .       Most species of plants are _____. (17.12) [Hint]

 non-seed-bearing plants
 angiosperms
 gymnosperms
 mosses
 ferns
55 .       You find a wildflower that has large, brilliantly colored petals, but it has no odor. What can you deduce about its pollinators? (17.13) [Hint]

 Its pollinators locate flowers by visual cues rather than by smell.
 Most likely it is pollinated by flies.
 Its pollinators are rewarded with nectar.
 It is probably wind-pollinated.
 This plant will be extinct soon because it is not likely to attract any pollinators.
56 .       Like gymnosperms, many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve energy, these angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all four of the basic parts). Which part would wind-pollinated angiosperms be most likely NOT to have? (17.13) [Hint]

 petals
 sepals
 anthers
 ovaries
 fruits
57 .       _____ percent of prescription drugs are extracted or derived from plants. (17.14) [Hint]

 Five
 Ten
 Fifteen
 Twenty
 Twenty-five
58 .       Most plant diseases are caused by _____. (17.15) [Hint]

 fungi
 viruses
 grubs
 bacteria
 parasitic plants
59 .       In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of _____. (17.15) [Hint]

 lignan
 cellulose
 peptidoglycan
 lignin
 chitin
60 .       There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 2,200 acres! The bulk of this fungus is most likely ____________. (17.15) [Hint]

 reproductive structures
 parasitic
 pathogenic
 mycelium
 roots
61 .       In fungi, the function of the mycelium is ____________. (17.15) [Hint]

 reproduction
 defense
 obtaining food
 surviving a period of food shortage
 movement
62 .       Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. (17.15) [Hint]

 endocytosis
 chemosynthesis
 photosynthesis
 absorption
 none of the above
63 .       The body of a fungus (with the exception of yeast) consists of threadlike ____, which form a network called a ____. (17.15) [Hint]

 mycelia ... dikaryon
 hyphae ... charophycean
 mycelia ... hypha
 hyphae ... mycelium
 sporangia ... dikaryon
64 .       Fungi have cell walls made of _____. (17.15) [Hint]

 chitin
 cellulose
 peptidoglycan
 hyphae
 none of the above
65 .       Some scum was found growing near the edge of a pond. Under a microscope, each of its cells was found to contain two nuclei. This means the scum must be _____. (17.17) [Hint]

 some kind of alga
 a fungus
 a plant gametophyte
 a moss
 a plant sporophyte
66 .       Which one of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? (17.17) [Hint]

 The dominant stage of the life cycle is usually multinucleate and haploid.
 Fungal spores are diploid cells.
 Most species obtain their nutrients from decaying organic matter.
 Spores germinate and then mitotically divide to form a mycelium.
 The haploid nuclei of dikaryotic hyphal cells fuse to form a diploid zygote.
67 .       Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____. (17.17) [Hint]

 diploid
 multicellular
 dikaryotic
 haploid
 prokaryotic
68 .       Lichens are _____. (17.20) [Hint]

 mutualistic associations of fungi and plant roots
 predatory fungi
 the sexual stage of fungi
 symbiotic associations of photosynthesizers and fungi
 used to produce blue cheese
69 .       You are hiking through a bog in northern Maine and notice what appears to be moss growing on the tamarack trees. On closer inspection, you see that the "moss" is composed of translucent (clear) filaments with interspersed spherical green cells. This moss must be _____. (17.20) [Hint]

 a relative of pineapple
 a mushroom
 a lichen
 blue-green algae
 a true moss
70 .       From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial? (17.21) [Hint]

 mycorrhizal fungi
 yeasts
 rusts
 truffles
 decomposers
71 .       There is strong evidence to suggest that fungi _____. (17.22) [Hint]

 are a polyphyletic group
 and animals have a common ancestor
 are more closely related to the domain Bacteria than to any other kingdom
 evolved from plants
 were once photosynthetic