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Chapter Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus? (18.1) [Hint]

 See if it reproduces sexually.
 Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
 See if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote.
 Look for cell walls under a microscope.
 Determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular.
2 .       The phrase "Cambrian explosion" refers to _____. (18.2) [Hint]

 the asteroid impact that caused the mass extinction at the K-T boundary
 the rapid adaptive radiation that gave rise to most extant animal phyla
 the evolutionarily sudden proliferation of dinosaur species
 what happens if you mix ammonium nitrate and jet fuel in a biology lab
 the evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial vertebrates
3 .       Animals probably evolved from colonial protists. How do animals differ from these protist ancestors? (18.2) [Hint]

 The protists were prokaryotic.
 Animals have cells that are more specialized.
 The protists were heterotrophic.
 The protists were autotrophic.
 Animals are able to reproduce.
4 .       Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the evolutionary relationship between annelids and arthropods? (18.3) [Hint]

 a complete digestive tract
 an exoskeleton
 body segmentation
 jointed appendages
 radial symmetry
5 .       Which of the following is radially symmetrical? (18.3) [Hint]

 a doughnut
 an automobile
 a spoon
 a dog
 a submarine sandwich (a.k.a. hoagie, sub, grinder or bomber.)
6 .       Which of the following is associated with bilateral symmetry? (18.3) [Hint]

 a stationary lifestyle
 a lack of true tissues
 a lack of body tissues
 no mesoderm
 headness
7 .       The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animals is _____. (18.4) [Hint]

 Echinodermata
 Cnidaria
 Platyhelminthes
 Porifera
 Gymnosperms
8 .       All the following statements, except one, describe one particular phylum. Which description does NOT belong with the others? (18.4) [Hint]

 The body is organized around a gastrovascular cavity.
 This phylum has more species than any other phylum.
 The life cycle may alternate between a polyp stage and a medusa stage.
 The body is radially symmetrical and shows no tendency toward having a head.
 All of these statements describe the same phylum.
9 .       Unlike other animals, sponges _____. (18.5) [Hint]

 are unicellular
 possess cell walls
 lack true tissues
 exhibit bilateral symmetry
 are prokaryotic
10 .       Digestion in sponges takes place in the _____. (18.5) [Hint]

 amoebocytes
 osculum
 gastrovascular cavity
 spongocoel
 gastrointestinal tract
11 .       Sponges lack _____. (18.5) [Hint]

 a complete digestive tract
 a nervous system
 the ability to make organic compounds from CO2 and water
 all of the above
 none of the above
12 .       Sponges feed by _____. (18.5) [Hint]

 filtering small particles from water
 scraping bacteria and algae from hard substrates
 paralyzing small crustaceans with stinging cells
 absorbing nutrients from the guts of their hosts
 none of the above
13 .       Three or four of the following characteristics correctly apply to the sponges. Which characteristic, if any, is NOT true of sponges? (18.5) [Hint]

 They have choanocytes.
 They basically consist of two layers of cells with a noncellular gelatinous layer between them.
 They have holes, or pores, in specialized cells, through which water enters.
 Some sponges exhibit radial symmetry.
 All of the above are true.
14 .       Jellies and corals are members of the same __________, all members of which __________. (18.6) [Hint]

 family ... have a complete circulatory system
 phylum ... have a colonial lifestyle
 order ... are herbivorous
 phylum ... have special stinging cells on their tentacles
 genus ... lack a circulatory system
15 .       Which of the following are found in members of the phylum Cnidaria? (18.6) [Hint]

 exoskeleton, radial symmetry
 a mantle for respiration, radial symmetry
 endoskeleton, bilateral symmetry
 stinging cells, radial symmetry
 stinging cells, bilateral symmetry
16 .       Through what means do coral animals obtain their food? (18.6) [Hint]

 photosynthesis
 tentacles that trap food particles
 absorption of predigested food through their cuticle
 dinoflagellates, photosynthetic protists that live in the coral's tissues
 teeth that shred their prey
17 .       An advance of the cnidarians over the sponges is _____. (18.6) [Hint]

 animalwide coordination and the presence of a gut
 bilateral symmetry, complex organs, and jointed appendages
 a true coelom and a gut with specialized segments for the efficient processing of food
 a body constructed from a series of specialized segments
 all of these
18 .       Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cnidarians? (18.6) [Hint]

 gastrovascular cavity
 cnidocytes
 mesoderm
 tentacles
 radial symmetry
19 .       How do cnidarians differ from all other animals? (18.6) [Hint]

 Cnidarians lack nervous tissue.
 Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity; other animals do not.
 Cnidarians have tissues; other animals do not.
 Cnidarians are radially symmetrical.
 Cnidarians lack a circulatory system.
20 .       You are given an unknown animal to study in the laboratory. You find it has three tissue layers, it does not have a body cavity, and it has male and female gonads in the same individual. This animal probably belongs in the phylum _____. (18.7) [Hint]

 Echinodermata
 Nematoda
 Mollusca
 Annelida
 Platyhelminthes
21 .       All of the following are true of the phylum Platyhelminthes, EXCEPT _____. (18.7) [Hint]

 they are flattened
 they have three tissue layers
 they are all parasitic
 they are bilaterally symmetrical
 they can reproduce sexually
22 .       Biology deals with many kinds of worms. Which choice includes three different phyla of "worms"? (18.8) [Hint]

 Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata
 Cnidaria, Arthropoda, Corals
 Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Nematoda
 Nematoda, Cnidaria, Oligochaeta
 Mollusca, Chordata, Echinodermata
23 .       The presence of a coelom is advantageous because _____. (18.9) [Hint]

 it allows for a third embryonic germ layer
 it permits the development of an open circulatory system
 it allows room for the development and movement of internal organs
 it is necessary for a complete digestive tract
 of all of these
24 .       The difference between pseudocoelomates and animals with a true coelom is that pseudocoelomates _________, whereas coelomates _________. (18.9) [Hint]

 do not have a body cavity ... have a body cavity
 exhibit radial symmetry ... exhibit bilateral symmetry
 are sponges ... are all other animals
 are protostomes ... are deuterostomes
 have a body cavity partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm ... have a body cavity completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
25 .       Animals such as ______ are the simplest animals to have _________. (18.9) [Hint]

 sponges ... bilateral symmetry
 flatworms ... a body cavity
 roundworms ... a complete digestive tract
 jellies ... a complete digestive tract
 snails ... a body cavity
26 .       An active marine predator is found possessing these characteristics: a series of tentacles (modified from the foot), a highly developed nervous system, and elaborate eyes. To which of the following animal classes does this organism most likely belong? (18.9) [Hint]

 Orthoptera
 Cephalopoda
 Gastropoda
 Nematoda
 Bivalvia
27 .       You go to the supermarket and ask a clerk where you can find the gastropods. He takes you to the "weird food" section and points out a container of _____. (18.9) [Hint]

 oysters
 clams
 squid
 snails
 palolo worms
28 .       __________ are members of the phylum __________ and feed by __________. (18.10) [Hint]

 Sponges ... Urochordata ... scraping away organic films covering the rocks on which they grow
 Leeches ... Porifera ... filtering tiny particles from water passing through their bodies
 Corals ... Cnidaria ... using stinging cells to capture small animals that venture too close to them
 Lampreys ... Annelida ... killing small animals with electric shock
 None of these is correct.
29 .       Consider the following list of animals: giant squid, earthworm, largemouth bass, snail, tapeworm, coral, and sea star. The two that belong to the same phylum are the __________, and their phylum is __________. (18.10) [Hint]

 bass and giant squid ... Chordata
 earthworm and tapeworm ... Annelida
 coral and sea star ... Echinodermata
 giant squid and snail ... Mollusca
 snail and coral ... Annelida
30 .       Leeches are members of the phylum _____. (18.10) [Hint]

 Nematoda
 Cnidaria
 Platyhelminthes
 Annelida
 Arthropoda
31 .       Earthworms are most closely related to _____. (18.10) [Hint]

 roundworms
 sea urchins
 tapeworms
 leeches
 oysters
32 .       Annelids __________. (18.10) [Hint]

 include leeches, earthworms, and aquatic worms
 have characteristically long bodies with both internal and external segmentation
 have a distinct head and tail
 are segmented worms
 all of the above are true
33 .       The arthropods superficially resemble earthworms in that both groups __________, yet the two are distinctly different because arthropods, but not earthworms, __________. (18.11) [Hint]

 have prominently segmented bodies ... have jointed appendages
 have closed circulatory systems ... have bristles
 have a distinct head and are bilaterally symmetrical ... have true organs
 have a true coelom ... are protostomes
 lack a body cavity ... are segmented
34 .       The _____ include the largest number of species. (18.11) [Hint]

 mollusks
 arthropods
 annelids
 chordates
 echinoderms
35 .       In arthropods, molting is necessary because ________. (18.11) [Hint]

 the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow
 arthropod appendages generally increase in number as the animal ages
 the environment degrades the exoskeleton, which therefore must be shed and replaced
 there is always high demand for soft-shelled crabs
 the exoskeleton is progressively resorbed by body tissue
36 .       Which one of the following animals is most closely related to spiders? (18.11) [Hint]

 scorpions
 grasshoppers
 butterflies
 mosquitoes
 millipedes
37 .       The majority of animal species are _____. (18.12) [Hint]

 insects
 deuterostomes
 marine
 acoelomates
 vertebrates
38 .       Complete metamorphosis __________. (18.12) [Hint]

 features a larval stage that looks different from the adult
 is a feature of the life history of a minority of insect species
 features larval stages with antennae and compound eyes
 is accompanied by a complete rearrangement of the genome
 does not occur in wasps, bees, or ants
39 .       A sea star and a squid belong to the phyla __________ and __________, respectively. (18.13) [Hint]

 Echinodermata ... Mollusca
 Platyhelminthes ... Arachnida
 Cnidaria ... Chordata
 Porifera ... Arthropoda
 Echinodermata ... Rotifera
40 .       The water vascular system of a sea star functions in _____. (18.13) [Hint]

 movement of the tube feet
 digestion
 pumping water for swimming movements
 waste disposal
 keeping all parts of the body moist at low tide
41 .       Which one of the following statements about the phylum Echinodermata is FALSE? (18.13) [Hint]

 Most are radially symmetrical as adults.
 Larval forms show evidence of bilateral symmetry, which is later lost in the adult form.
 Members of the phylum include the insects.
 All possess a water vascular system, which permits movements via tube feet.
 Many members of the phylum have endoskeletons
42 .       Sea stars and sea urchins are members of the phylum __________. (18.13) [Hint]

 Echinodermata
 Annelida
 Platyhelminthes
 Mollusca
 Nematoda
43 .       An animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal gill slits, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development. It must be a member of the phylum ____________. (18.14) [Hint]

 Annelida
 Arthropoda
 Chordata
 Mollusca
 Platyhelminthes
44 .       A ____ is a chordate but not a vertebrate. (18.14) [Hint]

 lamprey
 shark
 lancelet
 sea star
 frog
45 .       Which of the following chordates is most likely to look least like a chordate? (18.14) [Hint]

 embryonic human
 adult tunicate
 lancelet
 adult human
 larval tunicate
46 .       The two distinguishing features of vertebrates are the presence of _____. (18.15) [Hint]

 a post-anal tail and pharyngeal gill slits
 a gastrovascular cavity and nervous system
 segmentation and bilateral symmetry
 feathers and jaws
 a skull and backbone
47 .       Which of the following pairs is NOT matched correctly? (18.16) [Hint]

 Jawed fish ... lamprey
 Mammalia ... kangaroo
 Osteichthyes ... perch
 Chondrichthyes ... great white shark
 Aves ... canary
48 .       How do lampreys differ from other extant vertebrates? (18.16) [Hint]

 They have an endoskeleton.
 They do not have jaws.
 They do not have paired appendages (fins or legs).
 All of the above.
 They lack both jaws and paired appendages.
49 .       Jaws developed _____. (18.17) [Hint]

 from bony external armor
 from arthropod jaws
 by modification of middle ear bones
 from the rasping tongue
 by modification of the skeletal rods that were located between gill slits
50 .       A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is(are) _____. (18.17) [Hint]

 gills
 a bony endoskeleton
 pelvic and pectoral fins with bony supports
 a swim bladder
 a lateral line system
51 .       The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with _____. (18.17) [Hint]

 orientation in currents
 maintaining a supply of oxygen
 sensing chemicals in water
 adjusting buoyancy
 underwater sex
52 .       The first vertebrates to live on land were _____. (18.18) [Hint]

 agnathans
 reptiles
 amphibians
 cartilaginous fish
 mammals
53 .       The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____. (18.19) [Hint]

 operculum
 placenta
 lateral line system
 bony appendage
 amniotic egg
54 .       Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which one is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals that have no need to return to bodies of water at any stage of the life cycle? (18.19) [Hint]

 four limbs
 kidneys that play a role in osmoregulation
 lungs
 amniote eggs
 All of these are essential for a completely terrestrial existence.
55 .       Which of the following is NOT shared by living birds and living reptiles? (18.20) [Hint]

 endothermic metabolism
 amniotic eggs
 backbones of vertebrae
 scales containing keratin
 pharyngeal gill structures in the embryo
56 .       A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT _____. (18.21) [Hint]

 gill structures in the embryo or adult
 vertebrae
 hinged jaws
 a hollow dorsal nerve cord
 a post-anal tail
57 .       All mammals _____. (18.21) [Hint]

 bear live young
 complete their embryonic development in the uterus
 nourish their offspring through mammary glands
 have all the characteristics listed above
 have none of the characteristics listed above
58 .       The kangaroo is an example of a(n) __________ mammal. (18.21) [Hint]

 marsupial
 placental
 monotreme
 egg-laying
 none of the above
59 .       Eutherians __________. (18.21) [Hint]

 have young that develop within the female's body
 lay eggs
 have a tendency toward multiple births
 have a tendency toward single births
 maintain a constant body temperature
60 .       There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____. (18.21) [Hint]

 size
 habitat
 method of locomotion
 the presence or absence of hair
 method of reproduction
61 .       All of the following are deuterostomes EXCEPT ____________. (18.22) [Hint]

 mollusks
 reptiles
 amphibians
 mammals
 sea star
62 .       Coelomates gave rise to _____. (18.22) [Hint]

 protostomes and deuterostomes
 all animals
 radially and bilaterally symmetrical animals
 animals without a body cavity and pseudocoelomates
 nematodes and flatworms
63 .       An animal is called a protostome or a deuterostome based on _____. (18.22) [Hint]

 whether it has a body cavity
 the number of germ layers it has
 the way its body cavity develops
 the symmetry of its gastrula
 all of these
64 .       Zoologists place chordates and echinoderms on one major branch of the animal phylogenetic tree, and mollusks, annelids, and arthropods on another major branch. Which of the following is a basis for this separation? (18.22) [Hint]

 whether the animals have skeletons
 what type of symmetry they exhibit
 whether the animals have a body cavity
 how the body cavity is formed
 whether the animals are segmented
65 .       Which one of the following is thought to be most closely related to humans? (18.22) [Hint]

 sea stars
 snails
 earthworms
 jellies
 ants