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Chapter Chapter 24: The Body's Defenses
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       The first line of defense against infection is _____. (24.1) [Hint]

 the skin and mucous membranes
 the inflammatory response
 the immune system
 antibiotics
 disinfectants
2 .       Which of the following cells would be a part of the nonspecific, second line of defense? (24.1) [Hint]

 cytotoxic T cells
 B cells
 prostaglandins
 macrophages
 platelets
3 .       The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys a bacterium is called _____. (24.1) [Hint]

 phagocytosis
 pinocytosis
 cyclosis
 exocytosis
 endometriosis
4 .       Macrophages and neutrophils defend against pathogens by _____. (24.1) [Hint]

 punching a hole in the plasma membrane of the pathogen, causing the cell to burst
 phagocytizing pathogens
 secreting lysozyme
 producing antibodies
 attacking infected body cells
5 .       Chemicals produced by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cells to prepare a defense are called _____. (24.1) [Hint]

 antibodies
 interferons
 antibodies
 antigens
 complement proteins
6 .       Following tissue damage or the entry of microorganisms, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the _____. (24.2) [Hint]

 accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area
 release of interferon by infected cells
 increased blood flow to an infected or injured area
 ensuing fever
 release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells
7 .       What line of defense against infection first comes into play once a pathogen has breached the body's surface? (24.2) [Hint]

 active immunity
 inflammatory response
 passive immunity
 cell-mediated immunity
 humoral immunity
8 .       Which one of the following is part of the inflammatory response? (24.2) [Hint]

 constriction of the arterioles
 division of B and T lymphocytes to produce an army of effector cells
 dilation of the capillaries
 massive production of antibodies
 production of memory cells
9 .       As an immediate response to injury, injured cells release _____. (24.2) [Hint]

 antibiotics
 antibodies
 histamine
 adrenaline
 antihistamine
10 .       Which of the following is NOT an immediate function of histamine? (24.2) [Hint]

 causing local arterioles to dilate
 increasing the permeability of local capillaries
 increasing the systemic blood pressure
 causing local swelling of the tissue
 causing local reddening of the tissue
11 .       What can white blood cells do that help them carry out their defensive functions more effectively? (24.2) [Hint]

 synthesize hemoglobin
 reabsorb their nuclei and other cell organelles
 migrate into and out of blood vessels
 burst to initiate clotting
 swim against the flow of blood to the site of injury
12 .       Functions of the lymphatic system include _____. (24.3) [Hint]

 transport of oxygen to body tissues
 filtering nitrogenous wastes from the blood
 producing digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients
 return of fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections
 housing maturing red blood cells and platelets
13 .       A macromolecule produced in the body, which recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body, is a(n) _____. (24.4) [Hint]

 platelet
 antigen
 antibody
 lymphocyte
 macrophage
14 .       A substance that causes an immune response is called a(n) _____. (24.4) [Hint]

 complement
 interferon
 histamine
 antibody
 antigen
15 .       If you are allergic to grass pollen, that pollen is a(n) _____. (24.4) [Hint]

 antibody
 antigen
 antihistamine
 histamine
 hormone
16 .       When you are immune to a disease _____. (24.4) [Hint]

 antibodies against the disease are constantly circulating in your blood
 certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly
 your nonspecific defenses are strengthened
 B cells are stimulated to quickly engulf invaders
 antigens are altered so that the invaders can no longer attack your tissues
17 .       A vaccine may contain _____. (24.4) [Hint]

 white blood cells that fight infection
 antibodies that recognize invading microbes
 inactivated disease-causing microbes
 a hormone that boosts immunity
 lymphocyte antigens
18 .       Fetal puppies and kittens receive passive immunity from mom by which of the following mechanisms? (24.4) [Hint]

 the transfer of antibodies from her bloodstream
 the ingestion of a vaccine given to the mother
 the ingestion of milk
 prenatal exposure to diseases
 the transfer of B cells and T cells from her bloodstream
19 .       Passive immunity can be obtained from _____. (24.4) [Hint]

 white blood cells that fight infection
 an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes
 a hormone that boosts the immune response
 an injection of inactivated disease-causing microbes
 all of these
20 .       The immune system is initially capable of mounting responses to particular microorganisms because _____. (24.5) [Hint]

 white blood cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
 bone marrow cells determine which type of B and T cells to make
 the body contains an enormous diversity of white blood cells, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor
 bone marrow cells make different antigen receptors, depending on the invading microorganisms
 bone marrow cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
21 .       T and B cells are types of _____. (24.5) [Hint]

 endocrine cells
 lymphocytes
 platelets
 complement cells
 erythrocytes
22 .       The region of an antigen to which an antibody binds is termed the _____. (24.6) [Hint]

 variable region
 heavy chain
 light chain
 antigenic determinant
 constant region
23 .       The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to a given disease is most like _____. (24.7) [Hint]

 going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you
 ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without looking at the menu
 going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits
 picking out a video that you haven't seen yet
 selecting a lottery prize-winner by means of a random drawing
24 .       The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as _____. (Be specific.) (24.7) [Hint]

 an activation sequence
 parabiosis
 antigenic determination
 an autoimmune response
 clonal selection
25 .       The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick. (24.7) [Hint]

 passive immunity
 the primary immune response
 anaphylactic shock
 nonspecific defenses
 inflammation
26 .       A type of cell that makes immunizations effective is the _____. (24.7) [Hint]

 red blood cell
 killer T cell
 killer B cell
 macrophage
 memory B cell
27 .       During a secondary immune response _____. (24.7) [Hint]

 selected B cells generate antibody-producing effector B cells called plasma cells
 the stricken individual may become ill
 several days are required from exposure to maximum effector response
 the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response
 all of the above
28 .       Which of the following types of cells initiate a secondary immune response? (24.7) [Hint]

 immature white blood cells
 natural killer cells
 memory cells
 effector cells
 plasma cells
29 .       Plasma cells _____. (24.7) [Hint]

 attack cells that have been infected by viruses
 engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses
 multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph
 stimulate other lymphocytes
 release histamine
30 .       The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called variable? (24.8) [Hint]

 They can change their shapes on command to fit different antigens.
 They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen.
 Their specific shapes are unimportant.
 They can be different shapes on different antibody molecules.
 Their sizes vary considerably from one antibody to another.
31 .       In terms of molecular classes, antibodies are __________. (24.8) [Hint]

 carbohydrates
 steroids
 nucleic acids
 proteins
 triglycerides
32 .       Which of the following is NOT initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens? (24.9) [Hint]

 activation of complement proteins
 secretion of interferon by infected cells
 neutralization
 agglutination
 precipitation
33 .       What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells do to attack their targets? (24.9) [Hint]

 activate complement to punch holes in them
 clump cells together so that phagocytes can ingest them
 cause antigen molecules to settle out of solution
 attach to antigens and detoxify them
 all of the above
34 .       Which of the following is NOT true about antibodies? (24.9) [Hint]

 They are effective only when attached to white blood cells.
 They will bind to specific antigens.
 They may clump around viruses to render the virus inactive.
 They may precipitate antibodies for easier removal by phagocytes.
 All of the above are true.
35 .       Monoclonal antibodies are used in, or show promise for use in, _____. (24.10) [Hint]

 cancer treatment
 the manufacture of genetically modified foods
 pregnancy testing
 the treatment of cancer and type II diabetes
 cancer treatment and pregnancy testing
36 .       Which of the following cell types is specifically responsible for cell-mediated immunity? (24.11) [Hint]

 T cells
 B cells
 leukocytes
 natural killer cells
 lymphocytes
37 .       HIV attacks a certain type of T cell, thus causing _____. (24.12) [Hint]

 the victim's cells to make antibodies against its own tissues
 the body to release a flood of antigens
 a drastic decline in nonspecific defense
 immunodeficiency
 an autoimmune response
38 .       Most individuals infected with HIV _____. (24.12) [Hint]

 die within one week
 never develop AIDS
 die from autoimmune reactions
 suffer from increased sensitivity to foreign antigens
 die from other infections or cancer
39 .       Which of these attack cancer cells? (24.14) [Hint]

 monocytes
 memory cells.
 cytotoxic T cells
 neutrophils
 macrophages.
40 .       In a series of immune system experiments, the T cells of baby mice were inactivated. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result? (24.14) [Hint]

 The mice suffered from numerous allergies.
 The mice never developed cancerous tumors.
 The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.
 The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
 The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response.
41 .       A group of researchers tested many chemicals and found several that have potential for use in modifying the action of the immune system. Which of the following compounds has the most promise as a drug for inhibiting transplant rejection? (24.15) [Hint]

 compound A13: acts like histamine
 compound Q6: stimulates cytotoxic T cells
 compound N98: a potent allergen
 compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T cells
 compound M31: stimulates helper T cells
42 .       When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible. (24.15) [Hint]

 antibodies
 blood type
 MHC "fingerprints"
 leukocytes
 thymus secretions
43 .       As an allergy sufferer, _____ are some of my least favorite cells. (24.17) [Hint]

 helper T cells
 cytotoxic T cells
 natural killer cells
 mast cells
 memory cells