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Chapter Chapter 27: Reproduction & Embryonic Development
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       The gamete of a female has __________ chromosomes as(than) the gamete of the male. (27.1) [Hint]

 the same number of
 fewer
 more
 all of the above
 none of the above
2 .       Which reproductive method is used most frequently by mammals? (27.1) [Hint]

 fragmentation
 budding
 regeneration
 external fertilization
 internal fertilization
3 .       A hermaphrodite is an animal that _____. (27.1) [Hint]

 fuses with one of the opposite sex
 contains both male and female reproductive systems in its body
 can create zygotes of either sex
 reproduces only asexually
 does all of the above
4 .       In general, what is the ploidy (n) state of human cells? (27.1) [Hint]

 diploid except for gametes
 haploid except for zygotes
 diploid early in life, becoming haploid with age
 haploid early in life, becoming diploid with age
 diploid in females; haploid in males
5 .       How does a zygote differ from an ovum? (27.1) [Hint]

 A zygote has more chromosomes.
 A zygote is smaller.
 A zygote consists of more than one cell.
 A zygote is much larger.
 A zygote divides by meiosis.
6 .       Suppose you wanted to get started in the animal-breeding business. You could start out with only one of most of the following animals, but you would have to start with at least two _____. (27.1) [Hint]

 sea anemones
 frogs
 tapeworms
 whiptail lizards
 sea stars
7 .       External fertilization occurs mostly in _____. (27.1) [Hint]

 land animals
 insects
 aquatic animals
 animals that reproduce asexually
 mammals
8 .       Bartholin's gland _____. (27.2) [Hint]

 contains spongy tissue that fills with blood during arousal
 secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy
 covers the vagina before sexual intercourse
 secretes lubricating fluid
 produces secretions that contribute to semen
9 .       Into which structure is a human oocyte released upon ovulation? (27.2) [Hint]

 uterus
 oviduct
 ovary
 body cavity
 cervix
10 .       How do ovulated oocytes get into the uterus? (27.2) [Hint]

 Fimbriae sweep over the oviduct.
 Cilia within an oviduct create currents that sweep the egg toward the uterus.
 Since ovaries are within the uterus, the ovulated egg is already within the uterus.
 Muscular projections of the oviduct grasp the oocyte and force it into the uterus.
 The oocyte actively swims through the oviduct, using its flagellum.
11 .       On its way to fertilize a human egg, a sperm cell does not have to pass through which of the following? (27.2) [Hint]

 oviduct
 vagina
 ovary
 vas deferens
 cervix
12 .       Which of the comparisons between oogenesis and spermatogenesis is NOT accurate? (27.3) [Hint]

 Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes both egg and sperm development.
 Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation in females and androgen production in males.
 Releasing hormone triggers the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH in both males and females.
 Primary oocytes and primary spermatocytes follow a similar pattern of development through meiosis.
 An ovum is not produced in the absence of sperm, but sperm are produced regardless of what the ova are doing.
13 .       In males, FSH _____. (27.3) [Hint]

 is not produced; it is a female hormone
 is directly responsible for facial hair growth beginning at puberty
 is produced by the hypothalamus
 stimulates the production of sperm cells in the testes
 stimulates the release of semen by the prostate gland during ejaculation
14 .       In humans, the testes are located outside the abdominal cavity within the scrotum because _____. (27.3) [Hint]

 the elevated pressure within the abdominal cavity would collapse the small passageways within the testes
 this location allows for a shorter pathway to the urethra
 blood flow to the scrotum is not interrupted during erection
 sperm are unable to mature properly at the higher temperatures found within the abdominal cavity
 all of the above
15 .       Which part of the male reproductive tract warehouses sperm prior to their exit from the male's body? (27.3) [Hint]

 epididymis
 vas deferens
 glans
 urethra
 seminal vesicle
16 .       What structure is part of both the excretory and reproductive systems in males? (27.3) [Hint]

 ureter
 urethra
 seminal vesicle
 urinary bladder
 vas deferens
17 .       After being produced, human sperm continue their development in a structure called the ____________. (27.3) [Hint]

 vas deferens
 epididymis
 seminal vesicle
 prostate gland
 bulbourethral gland
18 .       Where is one LEAST likely to find complete semen (in which all the components are present)? (27.3) [Hint]

 in the vagina of a woman who's trying to become pregnant
 in the epididymis
 at the junction of the bulbourethral duct and the urethra
 at the tip of the penis
 in the urethra
19 .       Meiosis to produce the female egg cell is initiated in the _____. (27.4) [Hint]

 ovary
 vagina
 uterus
 oviduct
 cervix
20 .       From a single cell, oogenesis will produce ____________. (27.4) [Hint]

 four ova (eggs)
 four spermatozoa
 an ovum and three polar bodies
 a primary oocyte
 four polar bodies
21 .       Assume 2n = 12 in a hypothetical species. In gametogenesis, the number of chromosomes in a developing sperm cell would be __________ and in a first polar body would be __________. (27.4) [Hint]

 6 ... 6
 3 ... 3
 6 ... 3
 3 ... 6
 none of the above
22 .       In spermatogenesis, each primary spermatocyte gives rise to __________ sperm. (27.4) [Hint]

 one
 two
 four
 eight
 millions of
23 .       Where do developing sperm cells undergo meiosis? (27.4) [Hint]

 in the epididymis
 in the vas deferens
 in the seminal vesicle
 in the seminiferous tubules
 in the prostate gland
24 .       What does an ovum have that the sperm also has? (27.4) [Hint]

 very little cytoplasm
 an external food source
 a huge mitochondrion
 a haploid set of chromosomes
 a sac full of digestive enzymes
25 .       At what point does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis? (27.4) [Hint]

 when the luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation
 after it is penetrated by a sperm cell
 when the secondary oocyte implants in the endometrium of the uterus
 when the egg is fully surrounded by sperm and semen
 when acrosomal enzymes begin to break down the egg's jelly coat
26 .       The gamete of the female has __________ cytoplasm as(than) the male gamete. (27.4) [Hint]

 the same amount of
 more
 less
 all of the above
 none of the above
27 .       The amount of cytoplasm found in an egg is __________ that found in the polar bodies. [Hint]

 greater than
 equal to
 less than
 all of the above
 none of the above
28 .       The hormone that initiates the development of specialized cells in the ovaries of women and triggers androgen production by the testes of men is _____. (27.5) [Hint]

 estrogen
 progesterone
 somatropin
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 luteinizing hormone (LH)
29 .       A large number of hormones function in the human menstrual cycle, but only two of them are called female sex hormones. These are _____. (27.5) [Hint]

 follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen
 follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone
 follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
 progesterone and estrogen
 releasing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
30 .       After ovulation occurs, the empty follicle _____. (27.5) [Hint]

 can be recycled to produce more eggs
 changes into the corpus luteum and makes hormones
 quickly degenerates
 immediately initiates menstruation
 becomes the site of the implantation of a fertilized egg
31 .       What is the source of the hormones that, when suddenly absent, are directly responsible for the onset of menstruation? (27.5) [Hint]

 hypothalamus
 pituitary
 ovarian follicle
 corpus luteum
 Bartholin's glands
32 .       Which is a true statement about luteinizing hormone in the female reproductive system? (27.5) [Hint]

 It is produced by the hypothalamus.
 It causes mitosis of the primary oocyte.
 It inhibits ovulation.
 It triggers development of endometrium in the corpus luteum.
 It is responsible for mediating the production of estrogen and progesterone simultaneously.
33 .       Which of the following hormones is the first to increase significantly every 28 days or so, initiating the ovarian cycle? (27.5) [Hint]

 progesterone
 follicle-stimulating hormone
 estrogen
 luteinizing hormone
 human chorionic gonadotropin
34 .       The ovary undergoes several structural changes or events during the human female's menstrual cycle. Which one of the following sequences is correct, beginning with the oocyte? (27.5) [Hint]

 corpus luteum development ... follicle development ... ovulation
 follicle development ... ovulation ... corpus luteum development
 corpus luteum development ... ovulation ... follicle development
 follicle development ... corpus luteum development ... ovulation
 none of the above
35 .       If a woman wants to become pregnant, what is the optimal day on which to have sexual intercourse? (27.5) [Hint]

 one week before ovulation
 three days before ovulation
 the day of ovulation
 the day before menstruation is due to begin
 one week after ovulation
36 .       Birth control pills contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. How might these hormones prevent pregnancy? (27.5) [Hint]

 They trigger premature ovulation, before an egg is mature.
 They cause the lining of the uterus to be sloughed off.
 They cause the corpus luteum to degenerate.
 They keep the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH, so ovulation does not occur.
 They prevent the monthly development of the uterine lining.
37 .       A peak in ______ triggers ovulation around the ______ day of the monthly cycle. (27.5) [Hint]

 progesterone ... 14th
 LH ... 7th
 FSH ... 2nd
 LH ... 14th
 estrogen ... 20th
38 .       The plateau phase of human sexual response is characterized by _____. (27.6) [Hint]

 increases in breathing and heart rates
 the vaginal secretion of lubricating fluids
 the relaxation of muscles
 erection of the penis and clitoris
 rhythmic contractions of the reproductive structures
39 .       PID _____. (27.7) [Hint]

 is caused as the result of STDs caused by bacterial infections
 can cause sterility
 can cause pain
 can cause scarring
 all of the above
40 .       The drug RU-486 was developed in France and is widely used in Europe as a method of birth control. Its introduction to the United States has been controversial, however. The drug is taken after sexual intercourse. It blocks implantation, and in this sense prevents pregnancy in a manner similar to _____. (27.8) [Hint]

 the familiar birth control pill used for the last 30 years
 spermicidal foam
 an intrauterine device (IUD)
 tubal ligation
 a cervical cap
41 .       Which one of the following is the LEAST effective method of birth control? (27.8) [Hint]

 vasectomy
 the pill
 IUD
 rhythm method
 condom
42 .       A vasectomy is an effective technique for birth control in males because it _____. (27.8) [Hint]

 reduces the alkaline secretions in the semen, and the sperm are then destroyed in the female reproductive tract
 causes the prostate gland to enlarge and seal off the ejaculatory duct
 severs the capillaries to the spermatozoa, which then die
 severs the capillaries of the testes and prevents the arrival of pituitary hormone
 severs the route used by the sperm to exit the male's body
43 .       Which of the following most reduces the chances of both conception and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases? (27.8) [Hint]

 condom
 birth control pill
 diaphragm
 intrauterine device
 withdrawal
44 .       After a sperm penetrates an egg, a fertilization envelope forms. This membrane _____. (27.9) [Hint]

 secretes important hormones
 enables the fertilized egg to implant itself in the wall of the uterus
 prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg
 attracts additional sperm to the egg
 is responsible for the formation of the gastrula
45 .       Sperm has several components; the function of the acrosome is to _____. (27.9) [Hint]

 produce base to neutralize the acidic environment of the female reproductive system
 metabolize the sugars provided by the semen for energy
 release an enzyme that breaks down the membrane of the ovum
 propel the sperm as they swim through the fluid of the female reproductive tract
 chemically identify the proper oviduct
46 .       Which part of the human sperm carries a haploid set of chromosomes? (27.9) [Hint]

 head
 neck
 middle piece
 acrosome
 vitelline layer
47 .       During cleavage the single large cell of the zygote is converted into a _____. (27.10) [Hint]

 multicellular embryo consisting of smaller cells
 three-layered embryo called a gastrula
 multicellular embryo with a yolk plug and an archenteron
 multicellular embryo consisting of a vitelline layer and a zygote
 fetus
48 .       Cell divisions called __________ proceed so rapidly in the developing embryo that there is no growth of the cells between divisions. (27.10) [Hint]

 meiosis
 binary fission
 cleavage
 fragmentation
 none of these
49 .       One difference between the blastula and gastrula stages of development is that _____. (27.10) [Hint]

 blastula cells are more differentiated than gastrula cells
 there are many more cells in a blastula
 the blastula consists of more cell layers
 the blastula is a solid ball of cells, but the gastrula is hollow
 the gastrula consists of three tissue layers
50 .       Which one of the following describes the correct sequence of stages during embryogenesis? (27.10) [Hint]

 cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation
 cleavage, gastrulation, blastula formation
 blastula formation, gastrulation, cleavage
 blastula formation, cleavage, gastrulation
 gastrulation, cleavage, blastula formation
51 .       Which of the following events is NOT part of gastrulation? (27.11) [Hint]

 Cells migrate.
 The blastocoel is obliterated.
 The archenteron is formed.
 Cells are sorted into three cell layers.
 Cells differentiate into tissues.
52 .       The three embryonic tissue layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—are first present at the __________ stage. (27.11) [Hint]

 neural fold
 nine-cell stage
 gastrula
 blastula
 four-cell stage
53 .       During gastrulation, a(n) __________ forms. (27.11) [Hint]

 eye
 simple digestive cavity
 nervous system
 heart
 none of the above
54 .       The nervous system is derived from _____. (27.12) [Hint]

 ectoderm
 endoderm
 mesoderm
 both ectoderm and mesoderm
 all three embryonic tissue layers
55 .       The skeleton and muscles form from the embryonic _____. (27.12) [Hint]

 endoderm
 ectoderm
 mesoderm
 haploderm
 endoderm and ectoderm
56 .       What is the embryonic origin of the linings of the digestive tube and respiratory systems? (27.12) [Hint]

 endoderm
 ectoderm
 mesoderm
 both endoderm and mesoderm
 all three embryonic tissue layers
57 .       All of the following structures are derived from mesoderm EXCEPT the _____. (27.12) [Hint]

 notochord
 pancreas
 heart
 dermis of skin
 muscles
58 .       Someone may have webbed toes because _____. (27.13) [Hint]

 of a failure of gestation
 of a failure of apoptosis
 of a failure of pattern formation
 they are displaying characteristics of humans' avian ancestry
 of a failure of menstruation
59 .       Cells relocated from the optic cup of an amphibian embryo to an abnormal position result in the development of a lens at the graft location. This is an example of _____. (27.14) [Hint]

 developmental potential
 induction
 pattern formation
 apoptosis
 gastrulation
60 .       Cell division by itself would only produce a formless heap of cells. Pattern formation involves __________. (27.15) [Hint]

 cellular differentiation
 differential gene expression
 chemical signaling
 positional signals
 all of the above
61 .       One early, and inexpensive, approach to infertility is to test a woman's urine for a hormone that would indicate a high probability of ovulation. What hormone is this test kit designed to detect? (27.16) [Hint]

 oxytocin
 follicle-stimulating hormone
 testosterone
 luteinizing hormone
 prolactin
62 .       Pregnancy tests detect a hormone in a woman's urine that is present only when an embryo is developing in her uterus. This hormone is secreted by _____. (27.16) [Hint]

 the ovary
 the embryo
 a follicle
 the pituitary
 the endometrium
63 .       This is the precise site of embryo implantation in a normal pregnancy. (27.16) [Hint]

 vagina
 cervix
 oviduct
 endometrium
 follicle
64 .       Three or four of the following are correct descriptions of the functions of the placenta. Which one, if any, is NOT a function of the placenta? (27.16) [Hint]

 providing oxygen to the fetus
 carrying wastes from the fetus to the mother's circulatory system
 providing antibodies to the fetus
 obtaining nutrients from the mother's bloodstream
 All of the above are functions of the placenta.
65 .       If you wanted to examine the extraembryonic membranes surrounding a mouse embryo, you would have to cut through which of the following to see all the others? (27.16) [Hint]

 yolk sac
 amnion
 endoderm
 allantois
 chorion
66 .       The allantois is an extraembryonic membrane that develops from the _____. (27.16) [Hint]

 trophoblast cells
 yolk sac
 chorion
 amnion
 none of these
67 .       Which one of the following embryonic membranes found in birds and reptiles functions in waste disposal? (27.16) [Hint]

 allantois
 amnion
 chorion
 fertilization envelope
 yolk sac
68 .       During the first trimester _____. (27.17) [Hint]

 the mother may feel movements, and fetal activity may be visible through the abdominal wall
 an ultrasound can be performed to determine the gender of the fetus
 the fetus's eyes are open
 the fetus is most vulnerable to exposure to drugs and radiation
 the fetus weighs about 3.5 kg
69 .       The uterine contractions during labor are stimulated by _____. (27.18) [Hint]

 estrogen and progesterone
 oxytocin and prostaglandins
 prolactin and releasing hormone
 androgen and LH
 thyroxine and ACTH
70 .       Which of these can cause female infertility? (27.19) [Hint]

 scarring of the reproductive tract, such as that caused by STDs
 failure to ovulate
 the production of antibodies that react with sperm
 blockage of the oviducts
 all of the above