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Chapter Chapter 31: Plant Structure, Reproduction, & Development
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       Which of the following would be the least useful in figuring out whether a plant is a monocot or a dicot? (31.2) [Hint]

 size at maturity
 number of flower parts
 pattern of veins in leaves
 number of seed leaves
 arrangement of vascular tissue in the stem
2 .       Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dicots? (31.2) [Hint]

 two seed leaves
 parts of flowers in fours or fives
 a taproot
 vascular bundles arranged in a ring
 veins in leaves usually parallel
3 .       Monocot stems differ from dicot stems in that __________. (31.2) [Hint]

 in cross section the vascular bundles of monocots have a complex arrangement, whereas in dicots the vascular bundles are arranged in a circle
 in cross section the vascular bundles of monocots are arranged in a circle, whereas in dicots the vascular bundles have a complex arrangement
 monocot stems have branched venation, whereas dicot stems have parallel venation
 monocot stems have parallel venation, whereas dicot stems have branched venation
 monocot stems have vascular bundles, whereas dicot stems do not have vascular bundles
4 .       In the hierarchy of biological organization, the shoot is _____. (31.3) [Hint]

 an organ
 an organ system
 a tissue
 a tissue system
 none of the above
5 .       A root hair is _____. (31.3) [Hint]

 a multicellular extension of the root epidermis
 an extension of the endodermis of roots
 a specialized root epidermal cell
 a structure that absorbs water from soil
 an extension of an individual cell and a structure that absorbs water from soil
6 .       In the hierarchical organization of plants, the leaf is _____. (31.3) [Hint]

 an organ system
 an organ
 a tissue system
 a tissue
 an organism
7 .       The shoot system of a beavertail cactus consists of broad paddlelike structures covered with spines. The spines are modified _____, so the flat green paddles must be modified _____. (31.3) [Hint]

 buds ... leaves
 buds ... stems
 leaves ... stems
 stems ... roots
 stems ... leaves
8 .       Leaves consist of ____________. (31.3) [Hint]

 a blade and a petiole
 a bud and a node
 a node and an internode
 a bud and a blade
 an axillary bud and a terminal bud
9 .       Leaves occur at intervals along the plant stem. The region where a leaf is attached to the stem is the _____. (31.3) [Hint]

 internode
 rhizome
 node
 shoot apex
 none of the above
10 .       _____ is an example of an edible petiole. (31.4) [Hint]

 Lettuce
 Carrot
 Potato
 Strawberry
 Celery
11 .       Collenchyma cells can be recognized by _____. (31.5) [Hint]

 their unevenly thickened cell walls
 the presence of chloroplasts
 lignin in the cell walls
 the lack of nuclei at maturity
 large central vacuoles
12 .       Monocots never have wood, but they may gain structural support from abundant _____. (31.5) [Hint]

 epidermal cells
 secondary xylem
 cork cells
 sclerenchyma fibers
 mesophyll cells
13 .       Both tracheids and fibers _____. (31.5) [Hint]

 have lignified cell walls
 are found in the phloem
 are part of the water transport system
 have only secondary walls
 have cytoplasm but no nucleus at maturity
14 .       Artichoke hearts are tender and tasty. The leaves are tasty too, but most of an artichoke leaf is fibrous and impossible to chew. The leaves must contain lots of _____. (31.5) [Hint]

 parenchyma cells
 phloem
 meristematic tissue
 sclerenchyma cells
 epidermal cells
15 .       Which of the following are dead at maturity? (31.5) [Hint]

 parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
 collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
 sieve-tube members and companion cells
 tracheids and companion cells
 tracheids and vessel elements
16 .       Which vascular cells in plants must die before they become functional? (31.5) [Hint]

 xylem cells
 companion cells
 phloem cells
 guard cells
 none of the above
17 .       A cross section of this plant part exposes epidermis, a thick cortex, and a central cylinder of xylem and phloem. This part is a _____. (31.6) [Hint]

 fruit
 seed
 stem
 root
 bud
18 .       In most leaves, chloroplast-containing cells are most closely compacted in _____. (31.6) [Hint]

 the vein (vascular bundle)
 the upper epidermis
 the lower epidermis
 the mesophyll
 none of these
19 .       Guard cells ____________. (31.6) [Hint]

 control the rate at which a plant loses water
 push water upward in a plant stem
 protect the plant's roots from infection
 control water and solute intake by roots
 protect nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules
20 .       Arrange the structures found in a typical leaf blade from inside to outside. (31.6) [Hint]

 vein, mesophyll, epidermis
 mesophyll, vein, epidermis
 epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundle
 mesophyll, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, vein
 vein, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, mesophyll
21 .       Most of the photosynthesis in a plant is carried out by _____ in the leaves. (31.6) [Hint]

 collenchyma cells
 water-conducting cells
 parenchyma cells
 sclerenchyma cells
 food-conducting cells
22 .       Ground tissue is composed of undifferentiated cells with thin walls that are usually involved with storage. At the stage in a dicot plant's life when only primary growth has occurred, the inner portion of the ground tissue of a stem is called __________ and the outer portion is called __________. (31.6) [Hint]

 cambium ... cortex
 endodermis ... pith
 cork ... cortex
 cambium ... cork
 pith ... cortex
23 .       The plant tissue system most analogous to our circulatory system is the __________. (31.6) [Hint]

 dermal tissue
 sclerenchyma
 vascular cambium
 ground tissue
 vascular tissue
24 .       A cross section of part of a plant exposes epidermis, a thick cortex, and a central cylinder of xylem and phloem. This part is a _____. (31.6) [Hint]

 fruit
 seed
 stem
 root
 bud
25 .       A root is forced down through the soil by _____. (31.7) [Hint]

 cell division in the meristem
 elongation of cells
 cell division in the vascular cambium
 differentiation (specialization) of root cells
 pulling by root hairs
26 .       The protective layer that covers the apical meristem of a root and may aid in orientation is called the __________. (31.7) [Hint]

 root cap
 root hair
 taproot
 pith
 endodermis
27 .       If you pound a nail into a tree 3 feet off the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, it will be _____. (31.7) [Hint]

 3 feet off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree
 more than 3 feet off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree
 3 feet off the ground and the same depth in the tree
 more than 3 feet off the ground and the same depth in the tree
 none of the above
28 .       The primary growth of a plant adds __________ while secondary growth adds __________. (31.7) [Hint]

 height ... girth
 branching ... flowers
 girth ... height
 branching ... girth
 height ... branching
29 .       A region of cell division in a plant is called a _____. (31.7) [Hint]

 meristem
 cortex
 ground tissue
 cotyledon
 mycorrhizal zone
30 .       The site of primary growth, growth that increases the length of a plant, occurs at __________. (31.7) [Hint]

 apical meristems
 axillary buds
 bud scales
 vascular cambium and cork cambium
 nodes
31 .       Which of the following is closest to the center of a woody stem? (31.8) [Hint]

 vascular cambium
 young phloem
 old phloem
 young xylem
 old xylem
32 .       Cell division would be slowest in which of these tissues? (31.8) [Hint]

 apical meristem of a root
 cork cambium
 epidermis
 vascular cambium
 apical meristem of a terminal bud
33 .       A vandal killed a historic oak tree on the village green by girdling it with a chain saw. He cut through the bark and into the sapwood all the way around the tree. Why did the tree die? (31.8) [Hint]

 The leaves could not get carbon dioxide.
 Oxygen could not get to the roots.
 The roots could not get food.
 The leaves could not get food.
 The roots could not absorb water.
34 .       In a large, old tree, which one of the following provides the MOST physical support? (31.8) [Hint]

 heartwood
 sapwood
 bark
 ray cells
 living wood
35 .       Annual rings in wood reflect the fact that in climates with a single growing season every year, the __________ divides actively when water is plentiful and temperatures are suitable for growth, and ceases to divide when water is scarce and the weather is cold. (31.8) [Hint]

 apical meristem
 cuticle
 cork cambium
 vascular cambium
 marginal meristem
36 .       Secondary phloem in the root develops from the _____. (31.8) [Hint]

 cork cambium
 endoderm
 vascular cylinder
 ground tissue
 vascular cambium
37 .       The vascular cambium of a stem does NOT produce _____. (31.8) [Hint]

 cork
 wood
 secondary phloem
 secondary xylem
 secondary growth
38 .       In what order would you pass through tissues when moving from the pith to the epidermis in a plant possessing secondary vascular tissue? (31.8) [Hint]

 primary phloem, primary xylem, secondary phloem, secondary xylem
 primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem
 primary phloem, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, primary xylem
 secondary xylem, primary xylem, primary phloem, secondary phloem
 secondary phloem, primary phloem, primary xylem, secondary xylem
39 .       Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new _____ on the inside of the cambium layer and _____ on the outside. (31.8) [Hint]

 phloem ... xylem
 xylem and phloem ... bark
 pith ... xylem and phloem
 xylem ... phloem
 xylem ... cortex
40 .       The chemical that strengthens wood cell walls is _____. (31.8) [Hint]

 peptidoglycan
 chitin
 cellulose
 lignin
 none of the above
41 .       Plants grow by primary and secondary mechanisms. Choose the correct description of a mechanism and its result. (31.8) [Hint]

 Primary and secondary growth are required to produce woody plants.
 Primary growth increases the girth of the plant.
 Stems with only primary growth are called woody plants.
 Nonwoody plants have stems that exhibit only secondary growth.
 Secondary growth, a feature of nonwoody plants, extends the length of the plant.
42 .       The female structures of angiosperms are called _____, and they produce _____. (31.9) [Hint]

 sepals ... ovules
 carpels ... ovules
 anthers ... sperm
 anthers ... pollen
 anthers ... ovules
43 .       Select the INCORRECT association. [Hint]

 petals ... attraction of pollinators
 sepals ... containment of stems
 stamens ... development of male gametophytes
 carpels ... development of female gametophytes
 stamens ... development of male gametophytes
44 .       The floral parts that take an active part in reproduction are __________. (31.9) [Hint]

 stamens and carpels
 stamens and sepals
 carpels and petals
 petals and sepals
 carpels, stamens, and sepals
45 .       Pollen is _____ and produces _____. (31.10) [Hint]

 diploid ... spores
 diploid ... sperm nuclei
 haploid ... spores
 haploid ... sperm nuclei
 diploid ... a new sporophyte
46 .       All gametophytes are _____. (31.10) [Hint]

 single-celled
 haploid
 diploid
 autotrophs
 a myth dreamed up by biology professors to confuse undergraduates
47 .       In the process of pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____. (31.10) [Hint]

 ovary ... anther
 stigma ... ovary
 anther ... sepal
 carpel ... stigma
 anther ... stigma
48 .       Usually, the number of chromosomes in a flower's egg nucleus is __________ the number of chromosomes in a flower's pollen nucleus. (31.10) [Hint]

 greater than
 the same as
 less than
 either greater than or less than
 sometimes greater than, sometimes the same as, and sometimes less than
49 .       If a leaf cell in a potato plant contains 48 chromosomes, a sperm cell in a pollen grain would usually contain _____ chromosomes. (31.10) [Hint]

 6
 12
 24
 48
 none of the above
50 .       The male structures of angiosperms are called _____, and they produce _____. (31.10) [Hint]

 stigmas ... ovules
 ovaries ... ovules
 anthers ... ovaries
 anthers ... pollen
 anthers ... ovules
51 .       All of the following are true about angiosperm spores EXCEPT _____. (31.10) [Hint]

 the spores are haploid
 the spores are either male or female
 the spores are part of the asexual reproductive cycle
 the spores are produced by meiosis
 the spores are unicellular
52 .       In angiosperms, double fertilization produces _____. (31.10) [Hint]

 two embryos
 two triploid cells
 the embryo and the seed coat
 the embryo and a triploid cell
 a triploid cell and the seed coat
53 .       After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit. (31.11) [Hint]

 ovule ... ovary
 pollen grain ... ovule
 ovary ... ovule
 egg ... ovule
 egg ... ovary
54 .       A seed is a mature _____. (31.11) [Hint]

 pollen grain
 fruit
 ovary
 ovule
 embryo
55 .       What is endosperm? (31.11) [Hint]

 male reproductive cells in plants
 stored food in a seed
 cells that make up the bulk of a pollen grain
 the fleshy part of a fruit
 plant chromosomes
56 .       In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the _____. (31.11) [Hint]

 ovary wall
 cotyledon
 endosperm
 female gametophyte
 ovule's coat
57 .       Flowers bear seeds in protective chambers called _____. (31.12) [Hint]

 cones
 stamens
 sepals
 ovaries
 anthers
58 .       Why do seeds need water to germinate? (31.13) [Hint]

 Water provides energy.
 Following hydration, enzymes break down stored food and make it available for the embryo.
 Water activates the chlorophyll molecules so that photosynthesis can begin.
 Water dissolves the minerals in the soil so that they become available to the seed.
 Because water has a neutral pH, it balances the soil pH and makes it favorable for seed germination.
59 .       Plants growing in harsh environments such as deserts, sand dunes, and arctic tundra often reproduce vegetatively. This is because _____. (31.14) [Hint]

 there are few animals available to pollinate them
 they are members of plant families that only reproduce asexually
 fruits would freeze or dry out in these environments
 vegetative reproduction is not as risky as making seeds
 seeds would be eaten by hungry animals in these environments
60 .       How are protoplasts used in agriculture? (31.15) [Hint]

 Protoplasts are used to reduce crop plant variation.
 Protoplasts are used to transfer genes from bacteria into plants.
 Protoplasts are used to clone preferred plant varieties.
 Protoplasts are used to test the safety of GM plants.
 Protoplasts from two different plant species can be fused to produce a hybrid plant.