Home > Chapter 35: Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment > Chapter Guide > Chapter Quiz
 
 
Chapter Chapter 35: Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment
 
Chapter Quiz
 

1 .       Pheasants do not feed their chicks. Immediately after hatching, a pheasant chick starts pecking at seeds and insects on the ground. How might a behavioral ecologist explain the ultimate cause of this behavior? (35.1) [Hint]

 Pecking is a fixed action pattern (FAP).
 Pheasants learned to peck, and their offspring inherited this behavior.
 Pheasants that pecked survived and reproduced best.
 Pecking is the result of imprinting during a critical period.
 Pecking is an example of habituation.
2 .       My dog gets very excited when he sees a dog cookie. Thus, the cookie is _____. (35.1) [Hint]

 the ultimate cause of the behavior
 the proximate cause of the behavior
 a reward
 responsible for imitation
 a sign stimulus
3 .       Ants carry dead ants out of an anthill and dump them on a trash pile. If a live ant is painted with a chemical from dead ants, other ants repeatedly carry it, kicking and struggling, to the trash pile, until the substance wears off. Which of the following explains this behavior? (35.2) [Hint]

 The chemical is a sign stimulus for a fixed action pattern.
 The ants have become imprinted on the chemical.
 The ants continue the behavior until they become habituated.
 The ants can only learn by trial-and-error learning.
 The chemical triggers a negative taxis.
4 .       Which of the following is a fixed action pattern? (35.2) [Hint]

 A stickleback fish attacks a wood block with a red bottom.
 A hamster becomes active at the same time each evening.
 A wolf tracks its prey.
 A robin eats a distasteful bug, spits it out, and never eats one again.
 A blackback gull returns to the same island breeding grounds each year.
5 .       What type of behavior is performed the same way by all members of a species? (35.2) [Hint]

 innate behavior
 trial-and-error learning
 learning
 cognition
 associative learning
6 .       A baby smiles when presented with a mask that has two dots on it but not at a mask with a single dot on it. The two dots are an example of _____. (35.2) [Hint]

 a sign stimulus
 agonistic behavior
 associative learning
 a dominance hierarchy
 imitation
7 .       The lab-reared offspring of blackcap warbler pairs in which one parent is drawn from a captive migratory population and the other parent from a captive nonmigratory population exhibit a modest amount of migratory restlessness (much less than do the migratory parents). This behavior, which is intermediate between that of the two parents, is interpreted as evidence that _____. (35.3) [Hint]

 migratory behavior is determined exclusively by environmental factors
 the differences in migratory behavior between populations are influenced by genetic differences among the populations
 birds must learn how to migrate
 migratory behavior cannot evolve by natural selection
 sexual selection is important in the evolution of migratory behavior
8 .       Which of these behaviors is NOT a type of learning? (35.4) [Hint]

 associative learning
 imitation
 fixed action pattern
 habituation
 imprinting
9 .       When you first get a wind-up clock, you hear its incessant ticking and find it very annoying; however, after a few days pass, you no longer hear the ticking because of _____. (35.4) [Hint]

 habituation
 imitation
 a sign stimulus
 agonistic behavior
 associative learning
10 .       Graylag geese learn to follow their mothers. This is an example of _____. (35.5) [Hint]

 habituation
 trial-and-error learning
 altruism
 imprinting
 agonistic behavior
11 .       An aquaculture facility hatched salmon eggs and released young fish into a river leading to the ocean. The fish fed and grew in the ocean, and in a few years they returned to the facility. Because the number of returning fish was low, a scientist suggested adding a chemical to the river that would _____. (35.5) [Hint]

 decrease their agonistic behavior
 enable them to imprint on the facility
 stimulate habituation in the fish
 improve the search image of the salmon
 promote optimal foraging
12 .       The tendency of a planarian to move toward the source of a chemical given off by food is an example of a type of movement known as _____. (35.7) [Hint]

 landmark navigation
 taxis
 migration
 agonistic behavior
 kinesis
13 .       Trout automatically orient themselves to swim upstream; such a behavior is an example of _____. (35.7) [Hint]

 positive phototaxis
 positive rheotaxis
 migration
 kinesis
 negative chemotaxis
14 .       The movement of monarch butterflies from coastal California to central Mexico and back again is an example of _____. (35.8) [Hint]

 circadian rhythms
 kinesis
 positive rheotaxis
 migration
 taxis
15 .       What is the difference between navigating by landmarks and making use of cognitive maps? (35.8) [Hint]

 Landmarks play a role in migratory behavior; cognitive maps play a role in taxes.
 Landmarks rely on external features of an environment; cognitive maps rely on the creation of an internal representation of the external environment.
 Landmarks play a role in taxes; cognitive maps play a role in kineses.
 Landmarks play a role in kineses; cognitive maps play a role in taxes.
 Landmarks play a role in migratory behavior; cognitive maps play a role in kineses.
16 .       What is primarily responsible for the jet lag that occurs when flying across time zones? (35.8) [Hint]

 the excitement of flying
 the stress of flying
 dealing with having to pack two suitcases because my spouse is bringing too many clothes
 a disruption of circadian rhythms
 not eating regular meals when flying
17 .       Studies have shown that when squirrels are kept in constant light _____. (35.8) [Hint]

 they are inactive for more of the day than they usually are
 there is no effect on their daily activity patterns
 they are active for more of the day than they usually are
 they show a gradual shift in their circadian rhythms
 they show a rapid shift to a 12-hour cycle
18 .       In ____, an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with reward or punishment. (35.9) [Hint]

 imitation
 trial-and error learning
 fixed action pattern (FAP) learning
 habituation
 imprinting
19 .       When Pavlov's dogs salivated after hearing a bell ring even though no food was present, they demonstrated a pattern of learning called _____. (35.9) [Hint]

 associative learning
 imitation
 reasoning
 imprinting
 habituation
20 .       I have a friend whose young son always takes the same physical stance at a kitchen counter as does his father. The son's behavior is an example of _____. (35.10) [Hint]

 agonistic behavior
 altruism
 problem solving
 imitation
 habituation
21 .       One day I was locked out of my house, but I recalled that the lock on my back door was not very good and that if I jiggled the door, the lock would open. I did this and was able to get into my house. In dealing with this situation, I engaged in _____. (35.11) [Hint]

 habituation
 optimal foraging
 problem solving
 imprinting
 fixed action pattern
22 .       Which of these terms involves an awareness of self? (35.11) [Hint]

 habituation
 ultimate causes
 consciousness
 circadian rhythms
 imprinting
23 .       Experiments have shown that dolphins can recognize their own reflection in a mirror. Such recognition is an example of _____. (35.11) [Hint]

 consciousness
 habituation
 circadian rhythms
 imprinting
 trial-and-error learning
24 .       The ultimate cause of most behaviors is their role in _____. (35.11) [Hint]

 imprinting
 pleasure
 increasing fitness
 cognition
 associative learning
25 .       Which of the following best illustrates optimal foraging? (35.12) [Hint]

 A robin will repeatedly attack any red object near its territory.
 Musk oxen will form a circle to fend off a wolf attack.
 Bats emerge to feed at about the same time each night.
 A blackbird will warn others in the flock if it senses danger.
 A sunbird will more fiercely defend flowers that produce more food.
26 .       Often when searching for your keys, you may not even notice the remote control for your television. This is because _____. (35.12) [Hint]

 of a FAP
 of habituation
 you are focused on a search image of the keys
 you are agonizing over the loss of the keys
 you have imprinted on the keys
27 .       _____ is the interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species. (35.15) [Hint]

 Social behavior
 Habituation
 Migration
 Optimal foraging
 Chemotaxis
28 .       Sociobiology _____. (35.15) [Hint]

 is the study of the proximate causes of a behavior
 is solely concerned with explaining agonistic behaviors
 places the study of behavior in an evolutionary context
 is solely concerned with explaining imprinting and fixed action patterns
 is concerned with the social interactions between and among animals
29 .       Jaguars deposit their feces in prominent places, and cheetahs urinate, to _____. (35.16) [Hint]

 warn other members of the group of danger
 mark their territories
 attract mates
 attract prey
 defend themselves from predators
30 .       Many species of lizards have colored patches of scales along the side of the body. In some species, males have blue patches that function as releasers for territorial behavior and females have red patches that function as releasers for courtship behavior. If you performed an experiment with one of these species and painted over the blue patch with red color in male 1 and then placed male 2 (with a normal blue patch) in the same enclosure, what might you expect to see? (35.16) [Hint]

 Male 1 would attempt to court male 2.
 Male 2 would show territorial behavior toward male 1.
 Male 1 would show territorial behavior toward male 2.
 Both males would exhibit courtship behavior.
 Neither male would exhibit territorial behavior.
31 .       When animals engage in _____, they often perform displays that make them look as large and dangerous as possible. (35.17) [Hint]

 courtship rituals
 altruism
 kin selection
 kineses
 agonistic behavior
32 .       Three or four of the following statements correctly describe harem-based mating systems, such as that of the elephant seal, in which males compete fiercely for dominance. Which one, if any, of the statements is NOT a correct description? (35.18) [Hint]

 The most dominant male copulates far more frequently than other males.
 The dominant male is the male most likely to pass on his genes to subsequent generations.
 Males with low positions in the dominance hierarchy may fail to reproduce.
 The extra energy that a dominant male must spend on fighting and the increased risk of injury from fighting are offset by the benefit of extra opportunities to mate.
 All of the statements above correctly describe such harem-based mating systems.
33 .       In species in which we observe intense fighting among males, we also expect to find _____. (35.18) [Hint]

 that the losers of fights usually die
 that dominant males reproduce more successfully than subordinate males
 no difference in size between males and females
 no relationship between fighting success and mating success
 small groups of antiwar protesters
34 .       Chimpanzees usually maintain their rank in the dominance hierarchy with charging displays. Sometimes actual combat occurs briefly, but usually aggression is ritualized. Why don't chimps fight more? (35.18) [Hint]

 Chimpanzees are not strong enough to inflict much injury.
 Dominant females keep order and prevent fights from escalating.
 Natural selection favors avoiding injury and saving energy.
 Chimpanzees spend most of their time mating; they don't have time to fight.
 Chimpanzees are too hard-pressed finding food to spend much time fighting.
35 .       Females of sexually reproducing species are generally more selective than are males when choosing a mate because _____. (35.18) [Hint]

 females lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring
 eggs can't be successfully fertilized by low-quality males
 any female can serve equally well for propagating a male's genes
 males usually outnumber females
 all of the above
36 .       Elaborate male courtship displays probably evolve when _____. (35.18) [Hint]

 they cause mating to be delayed until the period of optimum fertility
 females base their choice of mate on the performance of the display
 all males in a population perform the display equally well
 male-male contests are especially common
 the display requires very little energy to perform
37 .       Which of the following appears to be the primary method by which worker bees communicate the location of nectar to other members of the colony? (35.20) [Hint]

 They secrete a particular combination of chemical signals.
 They produce sounds.
 They fly to the nectar, and other bees follow.
 They perform a sequence of movements in the hive.
 They lay down a chemical trail to the source of food.
38 .       Which of the following sayings best summarizes the idea of altruism? (35.21) [Hint]

 A rolling stone gathers no moss.
 You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours.
 A penny saved is a penny earned.
 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
39 .       Imagine a population of birds in which first-year birds can either (1) find a mate and raise an average of three offspring or (2) stay in their parents' territory and help the parents raise two more offspring than the parents would have been able to raise without any help. Based on the theory of kin selection, we would expect that _____. (35.21) [Hint]

 most territories would have young birds helping at the nest
 altruistic behavior would be common in this population
 the behavior of helping at the nest would not evolve in this population
 most first-year birds would choose to forgo breeding
 nutrient cycles would be disrupted
40 .       Altruistic behavior _____. (35.21) [Hint]

 never occurs in natural populations
 is expected when the species as a whole benefits from it
 occurs only when closely related individuals benefit from it
 is expected when, over the long term, it increases the inclusive fitness of the altruists
 is expected when there are plentiful resources to share
41 .       Which one of the following statements best defines an altruistic act? (35.21) [Hint]

 It immediately benefits both the performer and another individual.
 It immediately benefits another individual at some cost to the performer.
 It immediately benefits the performer and imposes a cost on another individual.
 It imposes a cost on the performer and the other individual.
 It imposes a cost on the performer without benefiting another individual.
42 .       The survival, through apparently altruistic behavior, of related individuals with common alleles is referred to as _____. (35.21) [Hint]

 founder effect
 kin selection
 competitive exclusion
 adaptive radiation
 convergent evolution